Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- systolic ejection murmur
- fixed splitting of the second heart sound
Other diagnostic factors
- mid-diastolic murmur
- congestive cardiac failure
- failure to thrive
- symptoms of atrial arrhythmias
- cyanosis
- finger clubbing
Diagnostic investigations
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors
Consultant in Paediatric and Adolescent Cardiology
Interventional Cardiologist
Honorary Senior Lecturer
Paediatric and Adolescent Cardiology
Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health
London
UK
Disclosures
SK declares that he has no competing interests.
Dr Sachin Khambadkone would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Brandon Lane Phillips, Dr Frank Cetta, and Dr David J. Driscoll, previous contributors of this monograph. BLP, FC, and DJD declare that they have no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Senior Fellow
Adult Congenital Heart Disease and Pulmonary Hypertension
Department of Cardiology
Children's Hospital Boston
Department of Medicine
Division of Cardiology
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Boston
MA
Disclosures
AO declares that he has no competing interests.
Director
Section of Transcatheter Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult
Rovigo General Hospital
Rovigo
Italy
Disclosures
GR declares that he has no competing interests.
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