Evaluation of hypertension

概述 
理论 
急症 
诊断 
资源 

最后审阅： 19 Jun 2025

最后更新： 10 Dec 2024

Hypertension is a common disorder that affects a large proportion of the community. It is usually asymptomatic and is detected on routine exam or after the occurrence of a complication such as a heart attack or stroke.[1]

The 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults defines hypertension as any systolic blood pressure measurement of ≥130 mmHg or any diastolic blood pressure measurement of ≥80 mmHg.[2] ACC/AHA blood pressure categories are defined as follows:

Elevated blood pressure: systolic blood pressure of 120-129 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure of <80 mmHg
Stage 1 hypertension: systolic blood pressure of 130-139 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure of 80-89 mmHg
Stage 2 hypertension: systolic blood pressure of ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure of ≥90 mmHg.

The 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines definition represents a more aggressive approach to diagnosis and treatment of hypertension compared with Joint National Committee (JNC) 7 and JNC 8 recommendations, where blood pressure in the range of 120-139 mmHg/80-89 mmHg is considered prehypertension and blood pressure >140/90 mmHg is considered elevated.[3][4]

Publication of the 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines has prompted widespread debate, and there are calls for the recommendations to be revisited. Implementing the guidelines would increase the prevalence of hypertension by 26.8% in the US. Critics are concerned that labelling more patients as hypertensive could increase psychological morbidity, as well as exposing lower-risk patients to the potential harm of antihypertensive medications.[5]

The 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines were mainly based on the results of the SPRINT trial, which investigated intensive or standard hypertension treatment in people with a systolic blood pressure of ≥130 mmHg with an increased cardiovascular risk (but without diabetes).[6] Listen to our podcast for more on the controversy. BMJ Best Practice Podcast: hypertension Opens in new window

European guideline blood pressure categories are defined as follows:[7]

Elevated blood pressure: office systolic blood pressure 120-139 mmHg or office diastolic blood pressure 70-89 mmHg
Hypertension: office systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or office diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg.

For the diagnosis of elevated blood pressure or hypertension to be made, the European guidelines recommend confirmation with out-of-office measurements or at least one repeat office measurement at a subsequent visit.[7] Isolated systolic hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, with a diastolic blood pressure <90 mmHg.[7]

The UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence states that a diagnosis of hypertension is confirmed in those with:[8]

a clinic blood pressure of ≥140/90 mmHg, and
daytime ambulatory blood pressure monitoring average or home blood pressure monitoring average of ≥135/85 mmHg.

Although different studies have used a variety of cut-off points for the diagnosis of hypertension in the community, any blood pressure >120 mmHg systolic is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. The importance of hypertension is its relation to other cardiovascular risk factors and consequent overall cardiovascular risk.

The AHA defines resistant hypertension as:[9]

Clinic blood pressure >130/80 mmHg despite the concurrent use of at least 3 antihypertensive agents (including an ACE inhibitor or angiotensin receptor antagonist, a long-acting calcium channel blocker, and a diuretic) at maximum or maximally tolerated doses.
Patients who require 4 or more antihypertensive agents to achieve their target blood pressure are also considered to have resistant hypertension. The diagnosis requires the exclusion of white-coat hypertension and poor adherence with antihypertensive medication.

This topic addresses the evaluation of hypertension in adults.

Epidemiology

According to a global analysis of trends in hypertension, the number of adults ages 30-79 years with hypertension increased from 650 million to 1.28 billion in the period 1990-2019.[10] Based on National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES) data from 2017-2020, an estimated 122.4 million US adults ages ≥20 years have hypertension (defined as self-reported use of antihypertensive medication, systolic BP ≥130 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥80 mmHg).[11] During this period, the prevalence of hypertension was 28.5% among those ages 20-44 years, 58.6% among those ages 45-64 years, and 76.5% among those ages ≥65 years.[11] The prevalence may be similar or higher in Western Europe.[12][13]

In 2010, the estimated global age-standardized prevalence of hypertension in adults ages ≥20 years was 31.1%; 28.5% in high-income countries and 31.5% in low- and middle-income countries.[14]

Prevalence by sex has been found to differ with age with prevalence higher in men than in women ages <65 years, but higher in women than in men ages ≥65 years.[11][14]

Hypertension is more prevalent in black people than in white people, starting in childhood, with 76% of black men and women developing hypertension by age 55 years, compared with 55% and 40% of white men and women, respectively.[15]

The exact prevalence of hypertension is difficult to assess, as it is usually asymptomatic. Prevalence is expected to rise as the "cut-off" value for hypertension is redefined at a lower level.

Approximately 15% of patients with hypertension have resistant hypertension.[9]

Complications and hypertension-mediated organ damage

Studies have shown that treatment of hypertension can reduce the incidence of future cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events.[16][17] The aim of early diagnosis and treatment of hypertension is to lower overall cardiovascular risk and prevent cerebrovascular events.

The effects of chronic hypertension on organ systems are referred to as hypertension-mediated organ damage.

Left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, hypertensive retinopathy, and nephropathy are the most common manifestations.[18] The presence of left ventricular hypertrophy is a poor prognostic sign, and regression of left ventricular hypertrophy improves prognosis.[19] Patients with resistant hypertension are at higher risk of experiencing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events and developing chronic kidney disease.[9]

Cardiovascular risk

Guidelines on the management of hypertension emphasize the importance of calculating and managing the overall cardiovascular risk of a patient, rather than focusing only on blood pressure readings. The ACC and AHA have published an online tool to calculate patients’ 10-year and lifetime risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. ACC: ASCVD Risk Estimator Plus Opens in new window

For individuals ages 40-70 years, each increment of 20 mmHg in systolic blood pressure or 10 mmHg in diastolic blood pressure across the entire blood pressure range from 115/75 to 185/115 mmHg doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease.[20] The European Society for Cardiology has proposed that sex-specific thresholds may be appropriate as lower blood pressure levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in women.[21] Treating associated cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking are as important as managing hypertension in lowering overall cardiovascular risk.

鉴别诊断

常见

Essential hypertension
Renal artery stenosis
Chronic kidney disease
Obstructive uropathy
Obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome

完整详情

不常见

Coarctation of aorta
Preeclampsia
Glomerulonephritis
Nephrotic syndrome
Polycystic kidney disease
Pheochromocytoma
Hyperaldosteronism
Cushing disease/syndrome
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism
Chronic alcohol excess
Medication
Illicit drug use
"White-coat hypertension"

完整详情

撰稿人

作者

Sunil Nadar, MD, FRCP, CCT, FESC, FACC

Consultant Cardiologist

Dudley Group of hospitals NHS trust

Dudley

利益声明

SN is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.

Gregory Y.H. Lip, MD, FRCP, DFM, FACC, FESC, FEHRA

Price-Evans Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine

University of Liverpool

Senior Investigator

National Institute for Health Research

Distinguished Professor

Faculty of Medicine

Aalborg University

Denmark

Adjunct Professor

Yonsei University

Seoul

South Korea

利益声明

GYHL is a consultant and speaker for BMS/Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, and Anthos. No fees are received personally. GYHL is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.

同行评议者

Rod Jackson, MD, PhD

Professor of Epidemiology

Head of the Section of Epidemiology & Biostatistics

School of Population Health

University of Auckland

Auckland

New Zealand

利益声明

RJ declares that he has no competing interests.

Alan Wilkinson, MD, FRCP

Professor of Medicine

David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA

Los Angeles

利益声明

AW declares that he has no competing interests. Unfortunately we have since been made aware that Professor Wilkinson is deceased.

Michael Schachter, MB, BSc, FRCP

Department of Clinical Pharmacology

St Mary’s Hospital

Imperial College

London

利益声明

MS declares that he has no competing interests.

参考文献

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

关键文献

Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 May 15;71(19):e127-248. 摘要

James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014 Feb 5;311(5):507-20.全文摘要

McEvoy JW, McCarthy CP, Bruno RM, et al. 2024 ESC guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2024 Oct 7;45(38):3912-4018.全文

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management. Nov 2023 [internet publication].全文

Waguespack DR, Dwyer JP. Assessment of blood pressure: techniques and implications from clinical trials. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2019 Mar;26(2):87-91. 摘要

参考文献

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.

患者教育信息
Heart attack
High blood pressure
更多患者教育信息
医学计算器
Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)
更多医学计算器
Videos
Venepuncture and phlebotomy: animated demonstration
How to perform an ECG: animated demonstration
更多操作视频
登录或订阅即可浏览 BMJ Best Practice 临床实践完整内容

内容使用需遵循免责声明

Evaluation of hypertension

小结

Epidemiology

Complications and hypertension-mediated organ damage

Cardiovascular risk

鉴别诊断

常见

不常见

撰稿人

作者

Sunil Nadar, MD, FRCP, CCT, FESC, FACC

利益声明

Gregory Y.H. Lip, MD, FRCP, DFM, FACC, FESC, FEHRA

利益声明

同行评议者

Rod Jackson, MD, PhD

利益声明

Alan Wilkinson, MD, FRCP

利益声明

Michael Schachter, MB, BSc, FRCP

利益声明

参考文献

关键文献

参考文献

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.

患者教育信息

医学计算器

Videos

登录或订阅即可浏览 BMJ Best Practice 临床实践完整内容

登录或订阅即可浏览 BMJ Best Practice 临床实践完整内容

登录后可浏览 BMJ Best Practice 临床实践完整内容