Transverse myelitis

Heterogeneous focal inflammatory disorder of the spinal cord characterized by acute or subacute development of motor weakness, sensory impairment, and autonomic dysfunction.

Causes motor weakness, a sensory impairment below the lesions, and bowel and bladder dysfunction.

Clinical characteristics and MRI of the spinal cord classify transverse myelitis (TM) into acute partial or longitudinally extensive variants.

Confirmed by LP demonstrating increased WBC count and absence of infection, with or without spinal cord MRI revealing a cord lesion that enhances after gadolinium administration.

In the setting of a characteristic brain MRI, the acute partial variant suggests high future risk of developing multiple sclerosis.

In the setting of neuromyelitis optica-IgG autoantibody seropositivity, the longitudinally extensive variant suggests a neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.

Therapy for acute symptoms includes intravenous corticosteroids or plasmapheresis.

Preventive therapies include immunomodulatory drugs for acute partial TM at high risk for multiple sclerosis. Immunosuppressive therapies are used for longitudinally extensive TM at high risk for recurrent myelitis or neuromyelitis optica.

Transverse myelitis (TM) is a pathogenetically heterogeneous focal inflammatory disorder of the spinal cord characterized by acute or subacute development of motor weakness, sensory impairment, and autonomic dysfunction. [1] Transverse Myelitis Consortium Working Group. Proposed diagnostic criteria and nosology of acute transverse myelitis. Neurology. 2002;59:499-505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12236201?tool=bestpractice.com MRI of the spinal cord reveals a focal hyperintense lesion and cerebrospinal fluid usually shows pleocytosis. The causes of TM are heterogeneous, but partial TM (asymmetric, short cord lesions) is associated with multiple sclerosis, whereas longitudinally extensive lesions are associated with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. [2] Miller D, Barkhof F, Montalban X, et al. Clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis, part I: natural history, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:281-288. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15847841?tool=bestpractice.com [3] Wingerchuk DM, Hogancamp WF, O'Brien PC, et al. The clinical course of neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome). Neurology. 1999;53:1107-1114. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10496275?tool=bestpractice.com [4] Weinshenker BG, Wingerchuk DM, Vukusic S, et al. Neuromyelitis optica IgG predicts relapse after longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. Ann Neurol. 2006;59:566-569. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16453327?tool=bestpractice.com