Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- at-risk demographic
- history of acne vulgaris
- recurrent disease
- poor response to previous antibiotic therapy
- open comedones in intertriginous (axilla, groin, perineum, or inframammary) areas
- nodules or abscess
- symmetrical distribution
- sinus tracts with scarring
Risk factors
- obesity
- female sex
- smoking
- acne vulgaris
- inflammatory bowel disease
- low zinc levels
Diagnostic investigations
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors
Consultant Dermatopathologist
Southern California Permanente Medical Group
Los Angeles Medical Center
Los Angeles
CA
Disclosures
DC declares that he has no competing interests.
Dr David Cassarino would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Robert A. Lee, the previous contributor to this monograph. RAL declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Associate Professor of Dermatology
Penn State Hershey Medical Center
Hershey
PA
Disclosures
DRA declares that he has no competing interests.
Assistant Professor of Clinical Dermatology
Columbia University
New York
NY
Disclosures
RU declares that he has no competing interests.
Consultant Dermatologist
James Cook University Hospital
Middlesbrough
UK
Disclosures
AC declares that he has no competing interests.
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