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Hiccups

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  • Visão geral
  • Teoria
  • Diagnóstico
  • Tratamento
  • ACOMPANHAMENTO
  • Recursos
Última revisão das evidências: 18 Feb 2026
Última atualização do tópico: 20 Feb 2026

Resumo

Definição

História e exame físico

Principais fatores diagnósticos

  • "hic" sound
Detalhes completos

Outros fatores diagnósticos

  • duration <48 hours (acute hiccups)
  • duration >48 hours (chronic hiccups)
  • persistence during sleep
  • associated features of underlying cause
  • weight loss and malnutrition
Detalhes completos

Fatores de risco

  • aerophagia, temperature changes, and emotional states
  • diaphragmatic and phrenic nerve irritation
  • vagus nerve irritation
  • central nervous system disorders
  • metabolic/electrolyte abnormalities
  • toxins/drugs
  • psychiatric conditions
  • sedation or anesthesia
Detalhes completos

Investigações diagnósticas

Primeiras investigações a serem solicitadas

  • clinical diagnosis
Detalhes completos

Investigações a serem consideradas

  • CBC
  • serum electrolytes
  • BUN
  • C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate
  • liver function tests
  • gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT)
  • serum amylase
  • toxicology screen
  • arterial blood gas
  • ECG
  • chest x-ray
  • pulmonary function tests
  • CT abdomen
  • endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract
  • CT or MRI head
  • lumbar puncture
  • otoscopy
  • pharyngoscopy
Detalhes completos

Algoritmo de tratamento

AGUDA

acute (benign) hiccups

CONTÍNUA

chronic hiccups

Colaboradores

Autores

Aminah Jatoi, MD

Professor of Oncology

Department of Oncology

Mayo Clinic

Rochester

MN

Declarações

AJ is an author of one reference cited in this topic.

Agradecimentos

Professor Aminah Jatoi would like to gratefully acknowledge Professor Peter Kranke, Dr Yvonne Jelting, and Dr Thomas M. Metterlein, previous contributors to this topic.

Declarações

PK is an author of a reference cited in this topic. YJ and TMM declare that they have no competing interests.

Revisores

Andy Smith, BM, BS, MRCP, FRCA

Consultant Anaesthetist and Associate Director of Research and Development

Director

Lancaster Patient Safety Research Unit

Royal Lancaster Infirmary

Lancaster

UK

Declarações

AS declares that he has no competing interests.

Stefan K. Burgdorf, MD

Registrar

Department of Surgical Gastroenterology

Herlev Hospital

University of Copenhagen

Denmark

Declarações

SKB declares that he has no competing interests.

Howard Smith, MD, FACP

Academic Director of Pain Management

Associate Professor of Anesthesiology

Department of Anesthesiology

Albany Medical College

Albany

NY

Disclosures

HS is an author of a reference cited in this topic.

Peer reviewer acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.

Disclosures

Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

Moretto EN, Wee B, Wiffen PJ, et al. Interventions for treating persistent and intractable hiccups in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jan 31;(1):CD008768.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.

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