Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presence of risk factors
- haematuria (gross or microscopic)
- dysuria
Risk factors
- tobacco exposure
- exposure to chemical carcinogens
- age >55 years
- pelvic radiation
- systemic chemotherapy
- diabetes mellitus, type 2
- Schistosoma infection
- male sex
- chronic bladder inflammation
- positive FHx
Diagnostic investigations
Investigations to consider
- urine cytology
- renal and bladder ultrasound
- CT urogram
- cystoscopy
- intravenous urogram
- FBC
- chemistry profile (including alkaline phosphatase)
- CXR
- CT abdomen and pelvis
- MRI abdomen and pelvis
- MR urogram
- bone scan
- urinary markers
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors
Director
BCG Oncology
Clinical Professor
University of Arizona
Phoenix
AZ
Disclosures
DL is an author of a number of references cited in this monograph.
Dr Donald Lamm would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Mary Heeley, the previous contributor to this monograph. MH declares that she has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Consultant Urological Surgeon
Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
London
UK
Disclosures
JM declares that he has no competing interests.
Consultant Urologist
North Hampshire Hospital
Basingstoke
UK
Disclosures
HM has received honoraria from GE Healthcare and Kyowa Kirin UK.
Clinical Instructor of Urology
The James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute
The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions
Baltimore
MD
Disclosures
TG declares that he has no competing interests.
Consultant Urological Surgeon
Honorary Senior Lecturer
Department of Urology
The Royal Free & University College Medical School
London
UK
Disclosures
AK declares that he has no competing interests.
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