Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- hyphaema
- ecchymosis
- severe eye pain
- blurred vision
- corneal abrasions
- corneal oedema
- corneal erosions
- sub-conjunctival haemorrhages
- conjunctival lacerations
- punctated epithelial erosions
- loss of sight
Other diagnostic factors
- excessive lacrimation
- conjunctival chemosis
- conjunctival hyperaemia
- corneal epithelial defect
- open globe injury
- eyelid burns
- photophobia
- diplopia
- miosis
- corneal stromal clouding
- iridodialysis
- conjunctival foreign body
- corneal foreign body
- Descemet's membrane tears
- corneoscleral lacerations
- persistent headache
- loss of consciousness
- blood or clear fluid from ears or nose
- inability to move eye(s)
Risk factors
- age 18 to 45 years
- male gender
- no protective eyewear
- workplace injuries
- fireworks
- excessive exposure to sunlight
- previous eye surgery
Diagnostic investigations
Investigations to consider
- plain x-ray
- B-scan ultrasonography
- ultrasound biomicroscopy
- MRI scan of head
- optical coherence tomography (OCT)
- fluorescein angiography
- fundus autofluorescence
- urine drug screen
- sickle cell anaemia test
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors VIEW ALL
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual Science
Department of Ophthalmology
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven
CT
Disclosures
RA is an author of a reference cited in this monograph.
Ophthalmologist
Department of Ophthalmology
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven
CT
Disclosures
ERR declares that she has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers VIEW ALL
Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
Mount Sinai Medical School
New York
NY
Disclosures
PP is an author of a reference cited in this monograph.
Consultant Ophthalmologist
Sunderland Eye Infirmary
Sunderland
UK
Disclosures
SF declares that he has no competing interests.
Consultant Ophthalmologist
Sunderland Eye Infirmary
Newcastle
UK
Disclosures
DA declares that he has no competing interests.
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