Last reviewed:September 2019
Last updated:October  2018

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • recent chemotherapy
  • fever
  • tachycardia
  • hypotension
Full details

Other diagnostic factors

  • age >65 years
  • prior episodes of neutropenia following chemotherapy
  • Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) ≥1
  • haematological malignancies
  • prior antibiotic regimens
  • albumin <35 g/L (3.5 g/dL)
  • pretreatment haemoglobin <120g/L (12 g/dL)
  • low first-cycle nadir blood cell counts (absolute neutrophil count [ANC] <500 PMN/microlitre)
  • abnormal breath sounds or cough
  • shortness of breath
  • abdominal pain
  • nausea or vomiting
  • diarrhoea
  • dysuria
  • skin erythema, warmth, tenderness
  • mucositis or oral ulcers
  • infection, inflammation, or ulceration of genital and anal area
  • infected indwelling lines
  • concurrent radiotherapy
  • exposures to infections
  • sinus tenderness
Full details

Risk factors

  • age >65 years
  • albumin <35 g/L (3.5 g/dL)
  • pre-existing organ dysfunction (cardiac, renal, liver disease)
  • pretreatment haemoglobin <120 g/L (12 g/dL)
  • full-dose intensity chemotherapy
  • low first-cycle nadir blood cell counts (absolute neutrophil count [ANC] <500 PMN/microlitre)
  • haematological malignancies
  • concurrent radiotherapy
  • female gender
  • Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) >1
  • advanced-stage disease
  • prior chemotherapy
Full details

Diagnostic investigations

1st investigations to order

  • FBC and differential
  • urea and creatinine
  • LFTs
  • blood cultures for bacteria: peripheral and central lines
  • CXR
Full details

Investigations to consider

  • stool culture
  • urine culture
  • lumbar puncture
  • fungal cultures and serologies (beta-glucan and galactomannan)
  • viral cultures
  • culture for acid-fast bacilli (AFB)
  • echocardiogram
  • CT scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis
Full details

Treatment algorithm

INITIAL

medium-to-high risk of complication or death: initial presentation

low risk of complication or death: initial presentation

ACUTE

antibiotic failure: fever beyond 3 to 5 days of treatment

Contributors

AuthorsVIEW ALL

Instructor in Medicine

Dana Farber Cancer Institute

Boston

MA

Disclosures

CJ declares that she has no competing interests.

Dr Caron Jacobson would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Joseph Antin, a previous contributor to this monograph. JA declares that he has no competing interests.

Peer reviewersVIEW ALL

Price Eminent Scholar and Professor of Medicine

Director

Bone Marrow Transplant Program

Division of Hematology/Oncology

University of Florida College of Medicine

Gainesville

FL

Disclosures

JW has been reimbursed by Pfizer, Merck, Astellas, and Enzon for speaking fees, fees for educational programs, and consulting.

Director

Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences

Marousi

Athens

Greece

Disclosures

MF declares that he has no competing interests.

Senior Lecturer in Haematology

Honorary Consultant in Medical Oncology

St George's University of London

London

UK

Disclosures

RP has received speaker fees and been reimbursed by Roche, Amgen, Chigai, and Bayer for attending several conferences. RP is a co-author of the EORTC guidelines referenced in this monograph.

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