Evaluation of learning difficulty and cognitive delay

Última revisão: 23 Sep 2025
Última atualização: 28 Feb 2023

Resumo

Diagnósticos diferenciais

comuns

  • Dyslexia
  • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
  • Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
  • Fragile X syndrome
  • Tuberous sclerosis
  • Autism spectrum disorder
  • Fetal alcohol syndrome
  • Absence epilepsy
  • Social (pragmatic) communication disorder
Detalhes completos

Incomuns

  • Dyscalculia
  • Specific language disorder
  • Central auditory processing disorder (CAPD)
  • Developmental coordination disorder/dyspraxia
  • Prader-Willi syndrome
  • Angelman syndrome
  • William syndrome
  • Rett syndrome
  • DiGeorge syndrome (velocardiofacial syndrome)
  • Turner syndrome
  • Craniosynostosis
  • Congenital cytomegalovirus
  • Congenital toxoplasmosis
  • Congenital rubella
  • Teratogenic drugs
  • Extreme preterm birth
  • Perinatal hypoxia
  • Bacterial meningitis
  • Encephalitis
  • Brain tumor
  • Traumatic brain injury
  • Hypoxia/asphyxia
  • Congenital hypothyroidism
  • Inborn errors of metabolism
  • Psychosocial deprivation
  • Acquired epileptic aphasia (Landau-Kleffner syndrome)
  • Epileptic encephalopathies
  • 15q11 duplication syndromes
  • 16p11.2 deletion syndrome
Detalhes completos

Colaboradores

Autores

Kevin A. Shapiro, MD, PhD

Director of Pediatric Neurology

Cortica | Advanced Neurological Therapies for Autism

Los Angeles

CA

Declarações

KAS is Director of Research and Therapeutic Technologies at Cortica, a healthcare provider for children with autism and neurodevelopmental disorders. He serves as an advisor to NovoNordisk on studies evaluating cognition and neurodevelopment in individuals with hemophilia.

Agradecimentos

Dr Kevin A. Shapiro would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Jeremy Parr, the previous contributor to this topic.

Declarações

JP is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.

Revisores

Paul Gringras, MB ChB, MSc, MRCPCH

Consultant in Paediatric Neurodisability

Evelina Children's Hospital

St Thomas' Hospital

London

UK

Declarações

PG declares that he has no competing interests.

Sandra H. Jee, MD, MPH

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics

Department of Pediatrics

Research Director

Starlight Pediatrics

University of Rochester Medical Center

Rochester

NY

Declarações

SHJ declares that she has no competing interests.

Créditos aos pareceristas

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Referências

Nossas equipes internas de editoria e de evidências trabalham em conjunto com colaboradores internacionais especializados e pares revisores para garantir que forneçamos acesso às informações o mais clinicamente relevantes possível.

Principais artigos

Harris JC. Developmental neuropsychiatry, volumes 1 and 2. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 1998.

Baird G, Gringras P. Investigation of developmental delay. In: Rutter M, Bishop D, Pine D, et al. Child and adolescent psychiatry. 5th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell; 2008.

Bellman M, Lingam S, Aukett A. Schedule of growing skills. 2nd ed. London, UK: NFER Nelson Publishing Company Ltd; 1996.

Artigos de referência

Uma lista completa das fontes referenciadas neste tópico está disponível para os usuários com acesso total ao BMJ Best Practice.

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