Summary
Definition
History and exam
Other diagnostic factors
- middle age
- headache
- weight loss
- poor skin turgor
- flushing
- history of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- serum potassium
- serum bicarbonate
- serum calcium
- serum glucose
- vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) radioimmunoassay
- liver function tests
Investigations to consider
- arterial blood gas analysis
- gastric pH monitoring
- chromogranin A
- pancreatic polypeptide
- ultrasound
- contrast-enhanced thin-slice computed tomography scan of abdomen
- contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of abdomen
- somatostatin receptor scintigraphy
- endoscopic ultrasound
- operative exploration
- intraoperative ultrasound
- positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT)
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors VIEW ALL
Associate Professor of Surgery
Jefferson Medical College
Thomas Jefferson University
Philadelphia
PA
Disclosures
HL declares that he has no competing interests.
The Samuel D. Gross Professor and Chair
Department of Surgery
Jefferson Medical College
Thomas Jefferson University
Philadelphia
PA
Disclosures
CJY declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers VIEW ALL
Fellow of the Spanish Association of Surgeons (AEC)
Department of Surgery
University Hospital Ramon y Cajal
Madrid
Spain
Disclosures
JRT declares that he has no competing interests.
Assistant Professor of Surgery and Oncology
Cameron Division of Surgical Oncology
The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore
MD
Disclosures
CW declares that he has no competing interests.
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