Salmonellosis

Pegues DA, Miller SI. Salmonella species, including Salmonella Typhi. In: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone; 2010:2887-903.

Talbot EA, Gagnon ER, Greenblatt J. Common ground for the control of multi-drug resistant Salmonella in ground beef. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 May 15;42(10):1455-62.Full text  Abstract

Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 29;65(12):1963-73.Full text  Abstract

Riddle MS, DuPont HL, Connor BA. ACG Clinical guideline: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of acute diarrheal infections in adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016 May;111(5):602-22. Abstract

World Health Organization. Foodborne disease outbreaks: guidelines for investigation and control. 2008 [internet publication].Full text

1. Kauffman F. The diagnosis of Salmonella types. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas; 1950.

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National enteric disease surveillance: Salmonella annual report, 2013. June 2016 [internet publication].Full text

3. Spina A, Kerr KG, Cormican M, et al. Spectrum of enteropathogens detected by the FilmArray GI panel in a multicentre study of community-acquired gastroenteritis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015 Aug;21(8):719-28.Full text  Abstract

4. Voetsch AC, Van Gilder TJ, Angulo FJ, et al. FoodNet estimate of the burden of illness caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella infections in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Apr 15;38 Suppl 3:S127-34.Full text  Abstract

5. Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, et al. Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999 Sep-Oct;5(5):607-25.Full text  Abstract

6. Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, et al. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States - major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 Jan;17(1):7-15. Abstract

7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. An atlas of salmonella in the United States, 1968-2011. 2013 [internet publication].Full text

8. Public Health England. Salmonella by serotype 2000 to 2010. December 2010 [internet publication].Full text

9. Crim SM, Griffin PM, Tauxe R, et al; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Preliminary incidence and trends of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food: Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. sites, 2006-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 May 15;64(18):495-9.Full text  Abstract

10. Greig JD, Lee MB. Enteric outbreaks in long-term care facilities and recommendations for prevention: a review. Epidemiol Infect. 2009 Feb;137(2):145-55. Abstract

11. Painter JA, Hoekstra RM, Ayers T, et al. Attribution of foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths to food commodities by using outbreak data, United States, 1998-2008. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013 Mar;19(3):407-15.Full text  Abstract

12. Barton Behravesh C, Mody RK, Jungk J, et al. 2008 outbreak of Salmonella Saintpaul infections associated with raw produce. N Engl J Med. 2011 Mar 10;364(10):918-27.Full text  Abstract

13. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). CDC Investigation Notice: CDC investigating outbreak of Salmonella infections linked to ground beef. November 2019 [internet publication].Full text

14. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). CDC Investigation notice: outbreaks of salmonella infections linked to backyard poultry. June 2020 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

15. Adkins HJ, Escamilla J, Santiago LT, et al. Two-year survey of etiologic agents of diarrheal disease at San Lazaro Hospital, Manila, Republic of the Philippines. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Jul;25(7):1143-7.Full text  Abstract

16. Saidi SM, Iijima Y, Sang WK, et al. Epidemiological study on infectious diarrheal diseases in children in a coastal rural area of Kenya. Microbiol Immunol. 1997;41(10):773-8. Abstract

17. Morpeth SC, Ramadhani HO, Crump JA. Invasive non-Typhi Salmonella disease in Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Aug 15;49(4):606-11.Full text  Abstract

18. Majowicz SE, Musto J, Scallan E, et al. The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Mar 15;50(6):882-9.Full text  Abstract

19. Gordon MA. Invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease: epidemiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2011 Oct;24(5):484-9. Abstract

20. Okoro CK, Kingsley RA, Connor TR, et al. Intracontinental spread of human invasive Salmonella Typhimurium pathovariants in sub-Saharan Africa. Nat Genet. 2012 Nov;44(11):1215-21.Full text  Abstract

21. Gascón J. Epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology of traveler's diarrhea. Digestion. 2006 Feb;73 Suppl 1:102-8. Abstract

22. Corrado ML, DuPont HL, Cooperstock M, et al. Evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of chronic carriage of Salmonella. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Food and Drug Administration. Clin Infect Dis. 1992 Nov;15 Suppl 1:S259-62. Abstract

23. Crum-Cianflone NF. Salmonellosis and the gastrointestinal tract: more than just peanut butter. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2008 Aug;10(4):424-31.Full text  Abstract

24. Braden CR. Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis and eggs: a national epidemic in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Aug 15;43(4):512-7.Full text  Abstract

25. Fierer J, Swancutt M. Non-typhoid Salmonella: a review. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis. 2000;20:134-57. Abstract

26. Blaser MJ, Newman LS. A review of human salmonellosis: I. infective dose. Rev Infect Dis. 1982;4(6):1096-106. Abstract

27. Mintz ED, Cartter ML, Hadler JL, et al. Dose-response effects in an outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis. Epidemiol Infect. 1994 Feb;112(1):13-23. Abstract

28. Giannella RA, Broitman SA, Zamcheck N. Salmonella enteritis. I. Role of reduced gastric secretion in pathogenesis. Am J Dig Dis. 1971 Nov;16(11):1000-6. Abstract

29. Cook GC. Infective gastroenteritis and its relationship to reduced gastric acidity. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1985;111:17-23. Abstract

30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Notes from the field: Salmonella Bredeney infections linked to a brand of peanut butter--United States, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013 Feb 15;62(6):107.Full text  Abstract

31. Shimoni Z, Pitlik S, Leibovici L, et al. Nontyphoid Salmonella bacteremia: age-related differences in clinical presentation, bacteriology, and outcome. Clin Infect Dis. 1999 Apr;28(4):822-7. Abstract

32. Huang CF, Chen PL, Liu MF, et al. Nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia in patients with connective tissue diseases. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2012 Oct;45(5):350-5. Abstract

33. Hohmann EL. Nontyphoidal salmonellosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Jan 15;32(2):263-9.Full text  Abstract

34. Pegues DA, Miller SI. Salmonella species, including Salmonella Typhi. In: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone; 2010:2887-903.

35. Celum CL, Chaisson RE, Rutherford GW, et al. Incidence of salmonellosis in patients with AIDS. J Infect Dis. 1987 Dec;156(6):998-1002. Abstract

36. Peña-Sagredo JL, Fariñas MC, Perez-Zafrilla B, et al. Non-typhi Salmonella infection in patients with rheumatic diseases on TNF-alpha antagonist therapy. Clin Exp Rheumatol. Nov-Dec 2009;27(6):920-5. Abstract

37. Croswell A, Amir E, Teggatz P, et al. Prolonged impact of antibiotics on intestinal microbial ecology and susceptibility to enteric Salmonella infection. Infect Immun. 2009 Jul;77(7):2741-53.Full text  Abstract

38. Molbak K. Human health consequences of antimicrobial drug-resistant Salmonella and other foodborne pathogens. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Dec 1;41(11):1613-20.Full text  Abstract

39. Ryan CA, Nickels MK, Hargrett-Bean NT, et al. Massive outbreak of antimicrobial-resistant salmonellosis traced to pasteurized milk. JAMA. 1987 Dec 11;258(22):3269-74. Abstract

40. Mouy R, Fischer A, Vilmer E, et al. Incidence, severity, and prevention of infections in chronic granulomatous disease. J Pediatr. 1989 Apr;114(4 Pt 1):555-60. Abstract

41. Kaye D, Gill FA, Hook EW. Factors influencing host resistance to Salmonella infections: the effects of hemolysis and erythrophagocytosis. Am J Med Sci. 1967 Aug;254(2):205-15. Abstract

42. Talbot EA, Gagnon ER, Greenblatt J. Common ground for the control of multi-drug resistant Salmonella in ground beef. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 May 15;42(10):1455-62.Full text  Abstract

43. Woodward DL, Khakhria R, Johnson WM. Human salmonellosis associated with exotic pets. J Clin Microbiol. 1997 Nov;35(11):2786-90.Full text  Abstract

44. National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians, Inc; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Compendium of measures to prevent disease associated with animals in public settings, 2011: National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians, Inc. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2011 May 6;60(RR-04):1-24.Full text  Abstract

45. Finley R, Reid-Smith R, Weese S. Human health implications of Salmonella-contaminated natural pet treats and raw pet food. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 1;42(5):686-91.Full text  Abstract

46. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Human salmonellosis associated with animal-derived pet treats - United States and Canada, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006 Jun 30;55(25):702-5.Full text  Abstract

47. Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 29;65(12):1963-73.Full text  Abstract

48. Saphra I, Winter JW. Clinical manifestations of salmonellosis in man: an evaluation of 7779 infections identified at the New York Salmonella Center. N Engl J Med. 1957 Jun 13;256(24):1128-34. Abstract

49. Riddle MS, DuPont HL, Connor BA. ACG Clinical guideline: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of acute diarrheal infections in adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016 May;111(5):602-22. Abstract

50. Buss SN, Leber A, Chapin K, et al. Multicenter evaluation of the BioFire FilmArray gastrointestinal panel for etiologic diagnosis of infectious gastroenteritis. J Clin Microbiol. 2015 Mar;53(3):915-25.Full text  Abstract

51. Pui CF, Wong WC, Chai LC, et al. Multiplex PCR for the concurrent detection and differentiation of Salmonella spp., Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Typhimurium. Trop Med Health. 2011 Mar;39(1):9-15.Full text  Abstract

52. Hashemi A, Baghbani-Arani F. The effective differentiation of Salmonella isolates using four PCR-based typing methods. J Appl Microbiol. 2015 Jun;118(6):1530-40.Full text  Abstract

53. Pethplerdprao P, Supa-amornkul S, Panvisavas N, et al. Salmonella enterica multilocus sequence typing and its correlation with serotypes. Food Biotechnology. 2017;31(2):73-9.

54. Mandomando I, Macete E, Sigaúque B, et al. Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella in Mozambican children. Trop Med Int Health. 2009 Dec;14(12):1467-74.Full text  Abstract

55. Preziosi MJ, Kandel SM, Guiney DG, et al. Microbiological analysis of nontyphoidal Salmonella strains causing distinct syndromes of bacteremia or enteritis in HIV/AIDS patients in San Diego, California. J Clin Microbiol. 2012 Nov;50(11):3598-603.Full text  Abstract

56. Feasey NA, Dougan G, Kingsley RA, et al. Invasive non-typhoidal salmonella disease: an emerging and neglected tropical disease in Africa. Lancet. 2012 Jun 30;379(9835):2489-99.Full text  Abstract

57. Szajewska H, Dziechciarz P. Gastrointestinal infections in the pediatric population. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2010 Jan;26(1):36-44. Abstract

58. Onwuezobe IA, Oshun PO, Odigwe CC. Antimicrobials for treating symptomatic non-typhoidal Salmonella infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Nov 14;11(11):CD001167.Full text  Abstract

59. Carlstedt G, Dahl P, Niklasson PM, et al. Norfloxacin treatment of salmonellosis does not shorten the carrier stage. Scand J Infect Dis. 1990 Jul 8;22(5):553-6. Abstract

60. Bassily S, Hyams KC, el-Masry NA, et al. Short-course norfloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole treatment of shigellosis and salmonellosis in Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1994 Aug;51(2):219-23. Abstract

61. Guarino A, Ashkenazi S, Gendrel D, et al. European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition/European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute gastroenteritis in children in Europe: update 2014. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014 Jul;59(1):132-52.Full text  Abstract

62. Gendrel D, Cohen R; European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases, European Society for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. Bacterial diarrheas and antibiotics: European recommendations. Arch Pediatr. 2008 Oct;15 Suppl 2:S93-6. [in French] Abstract

63. Freedman SB, Xie J, Neufeld MS, et al. Shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli infection, antibiotics, and risk of developing hemolytic uremic syndrome: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 May 15;62(10):1251-58.Full text  Abstract

64. Gilbert DN, Chambers HF, Eliopoulos GM, et al. The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy, 47th ed. Sperryville, VA: Antimicrobial Therapy, Inc.; 2017.

65. Benenson S, Raveh D, Schlesinger Y, et al. The risk of vascular infection in adult patients with nontyphi Salmonella bacteremia. Am J Med. 2001 Jan;110(1):60-3. Abstract

66. Gordon MA, Banda HT, Gondwe M, et al. Non-typhoidal salmonella bacteraemia among HIV-infected Malawian adults: high mortality and frequent recrudescence. AIDS. 2002 Aug 16;16(12):1633-41. Abstract

67. Nakaya H, Yasuhara A, Yoshimura K, et al. Life-threatening infantile diarrhea from fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica typhimurium with mutations in both gyrA and parC. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Feb;9(2):255-7. Abstract

68. Whichard JM, Gay K, Stevenson JE, et al. Human Salmonella and concurrent decreased susceptibility to quinolones and extended-spectrum cephalosporins. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 Nov;13(11):1681-8. Abstract

69. Al-Mashhadani M, Hewson R, Vivancos R, et al. Foreign travel and decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility in Salmonella enterica infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 Jan;17(1):123-5.Full text  Abstract

70. US Food & Drug Administraton. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA advises restricting fluoroquinolone antibiotic use for certain uncomplicated infections; warns about disabling side effects that can occur together. 12 May 2016 [internet publication].Full text

71. European Medicines Agency. Quinolone- and fluoroquinolone-containing medicinal products. November 2018 [internet publication].Full text

72. US Food & Drug Administraton. FDA reinforces safety information about serious low blood sugar levels and mental health side effects with fluoroquinolone antibiotics; requires label changes. 10 July 2018 [internet publication].Full text

73. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA warns about increased risk of ruptures or tears in the aorta blood vessel with fluoroquinolone antibiotics in certain patients. December 2018 [internet publication].Full text

74. Sjölund-Karlsson M, Rickert R, Matar C, et al. Salmonella isolates with decreased susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins in the United States. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2010 Dec;7(12):1503-9. Abstract

75. Wadula J, von Gottberg A, Kilner D, et al. Nosocomial outbreak of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Salmonella isangi in pediatric wards. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006 Sep;25(9):843-4. Abstract

76. Usha G, Chunderika M, Prashini M, et al. Characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Salmonella spp. at a tertiary hospital in Durban, South Africa. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008 Sep;62(1):86-91. Abstract

77. Lunguya O, Lejon V, Phoba MF, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in invasive non-typhoid Salmonella from the Democratic Republic of the Congo: emergence of decreased fluoroquinolone susceptibility and extended-spectrum beta lactamases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013 Mar;7(3):e2103.Full text  Abstract

78. White NJ, Dung NM, Vinh H, et al. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics in children with multidrug resistant typhoid. Lancet. 1996 Aug 24;348(9026):547. Abstract

79. Adefurin A, Sammons H, Jacqz-Aigrain, et al. Ciprofloxacin safety in paediatrics: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child. 2011 Sep;96(9):874-80.Full text  Abstract

80. Tang HJ, Ko WC, Chen CC, et al. In vitro and in vivo intracellular killing effects of tigecycline against clinical nontyphoid Salmonella isolates using ceftriaxone as a comparator. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 Jun;55(6):2755-9.Full text  Abstract

81. Tang HJ, Chen CC, Zhang CC, et al. Use of Carbapenems against clinical, nontyphoid Salmonella isolates: results from in vitro and in vivo animal studies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 Jun;56(6):2916-22.Full text  Abstract

82. Freerksen E, Rosenfield M, Freerksen R, et al. Treatment of chronic Salmonella carriers. Chemotherapy. 1977;23(3):192-210. Abstract

83. Ferreccio C, Morris JG Jr, Valdivieso C, et al. Efficacy of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic typhoid carriers. J Infect Dis. 1988 Jun;157(6):1235-9. Abstract

84. DuPont HL. Quinolones in Salmonella typhi infection. Drugs. 1993;45 Suppl 3:119-24. Abstract

85. Diridl G, Pichler H, Wolf D. Treatment of chronic salmonella carriers with ciprofloxacin. Eur J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Apr;5(2):260-1. Abstract

86. Clementi KJ. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of carriers of Salmonella. J Infect Dis. 1973 Nov;128:Suppl:738-42. Abstract

87. Rodriguez-Noriega E, Andrade-Villanueva J, Amaya-Tapia G. Quinolones in the treatment of Salmonella carriers. Rev Infect Dis. Jul-Aug 1989;11 Suppl 5:S1179-87. Abstract

88. Dinbar A, Altmann G, Tulcinsky DB. The treatment of chronic biliary salmonella carriers. Am J Med. 1969 Aug;47(2):236-42. Abstract

89. Cummings PL, Sorvillo F, Kuo T. Salmonellosis-related mortality in the United States, 1990-2006. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2010 Nov;7(11):1393-9. Abstract

90. Chimalizeni Y, Kawaza K, Molyneux E. The epidemiology and management of non typhoidal salmonella infections. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010 Oct 24;659:33-46. Abstract

91. Kaneko K, Nonomura Y, Watanabe K, et al. Infected abdominal aortic aneurysm caused by nontyphoid Salmonella in an immunocompromised patient with rheumatoid arthritis. J Infect Chemother. 2009 Oct;15(5):312-5. Abstract

92. Chen PL, Lee CC, Li CY, et al. A simple scoring algorithm predicting vascular infections in adults with nontyphoid Salmonella bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Jul;55(2):194-200. Abstract

93. Lee AT, Hall RG, Pile KD. Reactive joint symptoms following an outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium phage type 135a. J Rheumatol. 2005 Mar;32(3):524-7. Abstract

94. Buchwald DS, Blaser MJ. A review of human salmonellosis: II. duration of excretion following infection with nontyphi Salmonella. Rev Infect Dis. May-Jun 1984;6(3):345-56. Abstract

95. Lee MB, Greig JD. A review of nosocomial Salmonella outbreaks: infection control interventions found effective. Public Health. 2013 Mar;127(3):199-206. Abstract

96. World Health Organization. Foodborne disease outbreaks: guidelines for investigation and control. 2008 [internet publication].Full text