Summary
Differentials
Common
- Myocardial infarction
- Heart failure
- Beta-blocker and other drug-related toxicity
- Haemorrhage, external or internal from any site
- Trauma with external or internal haemorrhage
- Gastrointestinal fluid losses
- Intestinal obstruction with fluid third spacing
- Pancreatitis with fluid third spacing or haemorrhage
- Burns
- Excessive renal loss
- Pulmonary embolism
- Septic shock
- Anaphylaxis
- Poisoning and adverse drug reaction
Uncommon
- Cardiomyopathy
- Cardiac valve disease
- Heat stroke and/or insensible fluid losses
- Tension pneumothorax
- Cardiac tamponade
- Neurogenic shock
- Adrenal crisis
- Thiamine deficiency
- Arteriovenous fistulae
Contributors
Authors
Samuel J. Stratton, MD, MPH

Professor
Fielding School of Public Health
Professor
The David Geffen School of Medicine
University of California
Los Angeles
CA
Disclosures
SJS declares that he has no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
Dr Samuel J. Stratton would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Patrick Nee, Dr Joseph C. Farmer, and Dr Srikanth Hosur, the previous contributors to this topic.
Disclosures
PN, JCF, and SH declare that they have no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Armand Mekontso Dessap, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor
Medical Intensive Care Unit
Henri Mondor Hospital
Creteil
France
Disclosures
AMD declares that he has no competing interests.
Ethan Cumbler, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Internal Medicine
University of Colorado Health Sciences Center
Denver
CO
Disclosures
EC declares that he has no competing interests.
Haibo Wang, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor
LSU Health Sciences Center
Shreveport
LA
Disclosures
HW declares that he has no competing interests.
Karim Bendjelid, MD, PhD
Médecin Adjoint Agrégé
Intensive Care Division
Geneva University Hospitals
Geneva
Switzerland
Disclosures
KB declares that he has no competing interests.
Guidelines
- Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock
- Clinical practice guidelines: trauma/hypovolaemic shock
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