Last reviewed: 25 Mar 2025
Last updated: 10 Jan 2023
Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- penile pain
- band of retracted foreskin tissue beneath the glans
- swollen glans penis
- indwelling catheter
Full details
Other diagnostic factors
- erythema
- black tissue on the glans
- nonpliable glans penis
- inability to urinate freely
Full details
Risk factors
- lack of circumcision
- urinary catheterization
- dependence on a caregiver for daily hygiene
- tight foreskin
- phimosis
- poor hygiene
- bacterial infection
- parasitic infections
- lichen sclerosis
- diabetes
- penile piercing
- hemangiomas of the penis
- peripheral vascular disease
- inadequate circumcision
Full details
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- clinical diagnosis
Full details
Treatment algorithm
ACUTE
with ischemia and necrosis
acute type without ischemia and necrosis
chronic type without ischemia and necrosis
Contributors
Authors
Ranjiv Mathews, MD

Associate Professor
Pediatric Urology
SIU School of Medicine
Springfield,
IL
Disclosures
RM declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Wesley Baas, MD
Assistant Professor of Urology
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Cincinnati
OH
Disclosures
WB declares that he has no competing interests.
John Thomas, MD
Assistant Professor of Urologic Surgery
Division of Pediatric Urology
Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt
Nashville
TN
Declarações
JT declares that he has no competing interests.
Vincent Gnanapragasam, MBBS, BMedSci, PhD, FRCSEng, FRCSEd(Urol)
Lecturer in Uro-oncology and Consultant Urological Surgeon
Department of Urology
Addenbrooke's Hospital
Cambridge
UK
Declarações
VG declares that he has no competing interests.
Diagnósticos diferenciais
- Allergic reactions
- Insect bites
- Tourniquet syndrome
Mais Diagnósticos diferenciaisDiretrizes
- Paediatric urology
- Management of foreskin conditions
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