Summary
Definition
History and exam
Other diagnostic factors
- heartburn
- regurgitation
- obesity
- chest pain
- dysphagia
- odynophagia
- haematemesis
- shortness of breath
- cough
- oropharyngitis
- wheezing
- non-bilious vomiting
- fever and chills
- confusion
Risk factors
- obesity
- previous gastro-oesophageal procedure
- elevated intra-abdominal pressure
- male sex
- structural abnormalities of the oesophageal hiatus or the phreno-oesophageal ligaments
- incisional, umbilical, or inguinal hernia
- disorder of collagen metabolism
- advanced age
Diagnostic investigations
Investigations to consider
- oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy
- CT scan or MRI scan
- oesophageal manometry and pH monitoring
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors

Director
Chicago Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery
Director of Minimally Invasive Surgery and Bariatric Fellowship Program
St. Francis Hospital
Chicago
IL
Disclosures
CTF declares that he has no competing interests.

Surgery Residency Associate Director
Associate Professor
Rush University Medical Center
Chicago
IL
Disclosures
MBL declares that he has no competing interests.
Dr Constantine T. Frantzides and Dr Minh B. Luu would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Mark A. Carlson, a previous contributor to this topic. MAC declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Associate Professor
Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery
University Hospital Tuebingen
Germany
Disclosures
FAG declares that he has no competing interests.
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