Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- winter season
- current influenza outbreak
- unvaccinated
- fever with cough
Risk factors
- age ≥65 years
- age 6-59 months
- chronic cardiovascular or respiratory conditions
- diabetes
- haemoglobinopathy
- immunocompromise
- chronic kidney disease (CKD)
- pregnancy
- carers and household contacts of high-risk groups
- healthcare workers
Diagnostic investigations
Investigations to consider
- viral culture
- direct immunofluorescent antibody staining
- reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction
- serology
- enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
- rapid diagnostic tests
- chest x-ray
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors
Cristine Radojicic, MD
Staff Physician
Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care
Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland
OH
Disclosures
CR declares that she is on Advisory boards for CSL Behring and Speakers Bureau Biocryst.
Peer reviewers
Waleed Javaid, MD, FACP, FIDSA
Associate Professor
Medical Director of Infection Control
Infectious Disease
Department of Medicine
SUNY Upstate Medical University
Syracuse
NY
Disclosures
WJ declares that he has no competing interests.
Rachel L. Miller, MD, FAAAAI
Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine and Environmental Health Sciences
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
New York
NY
Disclosures
RLM declares that she has no competing interests.
Mark Sands, MD, FAAAAI
Chief
SUNY Buffalo School of Medicine
Division Allergy and Immunology
Buffalo
NY
Disclosures
MS declares that he has no competing interests.
An De Sutter, MD, PhD
Associate Professor
Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care
Ghent University
Ghent
Belgium
Disclosures
ADS declares that she has no competing interests.
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