小结
定义
病史和体格检查
关键诊断因素
- duration of pain more than 3 months
- physical comorbidity
- psychological comorbidity
- previous history of acute pain episodes
- pain causing difficulty in performing routine activities of daily living
- precipitating factors for myofascial pain
- precipitating factors for musculoskeletal pain
- herpes zoster infection
- history of trauma or limb immobilization
- medication use
- muscle spasm
- associated somatic symptoms
- muscle tenderness to palpation
- trigger-point tenderness
- taut bands
- twitch response
- joint swelling and tenderness
- tender points
其他诊断因素
- precipitating factors for chronic headache
- duration of headache pain
- radiating pain
- morning stiffness in joints
- pain with prolonged walking, relieved with stooping or sitting
- joint pain
- burning quality of pain
- allodynia
- hyperalgesia
- chronic headache associated with nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and noise
- intermittent pattern of chronic headache pain
- bilateral chronic headache pain
- unilateral chronic headache pain
- limited range of motion (ROM)
- painful or limited straight leg raising
- symmetrical body pain distribution
- worsening headache symptoms despite treatment
- headache with posterior head or neck pain
- excessive guarding of the painful extremity
- diminution or loss of reflexes
- tenderness over temporal artery distribution
危险因素
- age over 45 years
- female sex
- pregnancy
- history of trauma or chronic pain
- family history of chronic pain syndromes
- acute back pain with neurologic signs
- high-risk occupation
- comorbid personality disorder/psychological distress
- pain-related disability
- cigarette smoking
诊断性检查
需考虑的检查
- plain x-rays of spine, bones, and/or joints
- MRI of spine
- electromyogram and nerve conduction studies
治疗流程
myofascial pain
musculoskeletal pain
neuropathic pain
fibromyalgia
chronic headache
撰稿人
作者
Gaurav Chhabra, MBBS, FRCA, FFPMRCA
Consultant, Pain Medicine and Anaesthesia
North Bristol NHS Trust
Bristol
UK
利益声明
GC declares that they have no competing interests.
鸣谢
Dr Gaurav Chhabra would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Sarah Love-Jones and Dr Dawn A. Marcus, previous contributors to this topic.
利益声明
SLJ has received consultancy fees for Boston Scientific and Nevro Corporation (regarding spinal cord stimulation) and is an elected council member of the British Pain Society. DAM is an author of a reference cited in this topic.
同行评议者
J. David Sinclair, MD
Clinical Instructor
Department of Anesthesiology
University of Washington School of Medicine
Seattle
WA
利益声明
JDS declares that he has no competing interests.
Joan Hester, MBBS, FRCA, LRCP, MRCS
Consultant in Pain Management
Pain Unit
King's College Hospital
London
UK
利益声明
JH has chaired advisory boards for Napp Pharmaceuticals Ltd., chaired a symposium, is a principal investigator and has participated in advisory boards for Grunenthal Ltd., and has given lectures for Pfizer Ltd. JH attended the American Pain Society meeting in 2009 sponsored by Grunenthal.
Beverly J. Collett, MB BS, FRCA, FFPMRCA
Consultant in Pain Medicine
Pain Management Service
University Hospitals of Leicester
Leicester
UK
利益声明
Not disclosed.
鉴别诊断
- Hypothyroidism
- Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR)
- Giant cell arteritis (GCA)
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