Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presence of risk factors
- milk, egg, nut, fish, shellfish, wheat, or soya ingestion
- reproducible symptoms
- flushing, urticaria, or angio-oedema of the skin
- sneezing, rhinorrhoea, or nasal congestion
- dyspnoea, tachypnoea, wheezing, coughing, or cyanosis
- hoarseness, stridor, or sense of choking
- nausea and vomiting
- abdominal cramping or bloating
- diarrhoea
- conjunctival injection or lacrimation
- periorbital oedema
- abrupt onset of symptoms
- reaction caused by small amount of food
- presence of other allergic disease
- laryngeal oedema
Other diagnostic factors
- tachycardia or bradycardia
- reaction exacerbated by exercise or exertion
- alcohol or medication ingestion before reaction
- cardiac arrhythmia
- hypotension
Risk factors
- family history of food allergy
- atopic dermatitis
- newborn
- perinatal peanut oil exposure
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- in vitro IgE specific immunoassay
- skin prick testing
Investigations to consider
- food challenges
- component-resolved diagnostics
Emerging tests
- atopy patch testing
Treatment algorithm
anaphylactic reaction
cutaneous symptoms
bronchospasm
rhinoconjunctivitis
following stabilisation
Contributors
Authors
A. Wesley Burks, MD
Curnen Distinguished Professor and Chair
Department of Pediatrics
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill
NC
Disclosures
AWB receives grant support to his institution from the National Institutes of Health and the Burroughs Wellcome Fund; royalties from UpToDate; consulting honorariums from Astella Pharma Global Development, Allergy Therapeutics (UK) Ltd, DBV Technologies, Kaléo, N-Fold, LLC, ALK-Abelló Inc, and UKKO Inc, as well as Aimmune Therapeutics, Consortia TX Inc, and Prota Therapeutics for his service on their respective Scientific Advisory Boards. AWB owns stock in Allertein and Mastcell Pharmaceuticals. These interests do not directly relate to the article but are being shared for full disclosure. AWB is an author of references cited in this topic.
J. Andrew Bird, MD
Associate Professor
Department of Pediatrics
Division of Allergy and Immunology
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas
TX
Disclosures
JAB has received personal fees from Abbot, grants and personal fees from Aimmune, personal fees from AllerGenis, personal fees from Allergy Therapeutics, personal fees from Before Brands, grants and personal fees from DBV Technologies, grants and personal fees from FARE, personal fees from HAL Allergy, grants and personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from Nutricia, personal fees from Prota Therapeutics, grants from Astellas, grants from Genentech, grants from NIH-NIAID, grants from Regeneron; and Vedanta Biosciences, Independent Study Monitor (uncompensated).
Peer reviewers
Justin Skripak, MD
Assistant Professor of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
Mount Sinai School of Medicine
New York
NY
Disclosures
JS declares that he has no competing interests.
Hugh A. Sampson, MD
Professor of Pediatrics
Mount Sinai School of Medicine
New York
NY
Disclosures
HAS holds a 4% interest in a biotech company, Allertein Pharmaceuticals LLC, which is developing an engineered recombinant protein vaccine for peanut allergy, and 45% interest in a virtual company, Herbal Springs LLC, that holds a patent application on an herbal product for treating asthma and another for treating food allergy. HAS is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.
Adam Fox, MA(Hons) Cantab., MSc, MBBS, DCH, FRCPCH, FHEA, Dip. Allergy
Consultant and Honorary Senior Lecturer in Paediatric Allergy
Evelina Children's Hospital
Guy's & St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
London
UK
Disclosures
AF declares that he has no competing interests.
Differentials
- Atopic dermatitis
- Urticaria
- Auriculotemporal syndrome
More DifferentialsGuidelines
- BSACI guidelines for the management of egg allergy
- A consensus approach to the primary prevention of food allergy through nutrition: guidance from the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology; American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology; and the Canadian Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology
More GuidelinesPatient leaflets
Food allergy: what is it?
Food allergy: what treatments are available?
More Patient leaflets
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