Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- pruritus
- violaceous, flat-topped papules or plaques
- Wickham's striae
- mucosal erosions and lacy white network
- scarring alopecia
- nail involvement
Risk factors
- hepatitis C (in some patient populations)
- -308 G/A polymorphism in TNF-alpha gene
- hepatitis B vaccination
- influenza vaccination
- psychosocial stress
- oral allergens
Diagnostic investigations
Investigations to consider
- histopathology
- hepatitis C (HCV) screen
- immunofluorescence
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors
Susan Cooper, MBChB (Bristol), MRCGP, FRCP
Consultant Dermatologist
Dermatology
Oxford University Hospitals Foundation Trust
Honorary Senior Clinical Lecturer
University of Oxford
Oxford
UK
Disclosures
SC is chair of the British Society for the Study of Vulval Disease and receives royalties for contributions to UpToDate.
Deepani Munidasa, MBBS, MD
Consultant Dermatologist
Department of Dermatology
Anuradhapura Teaching Hospital
Anuradhapura
Sri Lanka
Disclosures
DM declares that she has no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
Dr Susan Cooper and Dr Deepani Munidasa would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Rebecca Dunn, Dr Julia S. Lehman, Dr Megha M. Tollefson, and Dr Lawrence E. Gibson, previous contributors to this topic. RD, JSL, MMT, and LEG declare that they have no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Brian Swick, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor
University of Iowa College of Medicine
Iowa City
IA
Disclosures
BS declares that he has no competing interests.
David Cassarino, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
University of California
Los Angeles
CA
Disclosures
DC declares that he has no competing interests.
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer