Summary
Differentials
Common
- Vomiting
- Severe diarrhoea
- Laxative and bowel cleansing agent use
- Bulimia nervosa
- Anorexia nervosa
- Drug-induced
- Alcoholism
- Diabetic ketoacidosis
- Non-ketotic hyperglycaemia
- Renal tubular acidosis (RTA)
- Exercising in a hot climate
- Stress response in critical illness
Uncommon
- Villous adenoma
- VIPoma
- Ileal loop/conduit with ureteric implants
- Dialysis or plasmapheresis
- Primary aldosteronism
- Apparent mineralocorticoid excess
- Cushing's syndrome
- Hypomagnesaemia
- Hypokalaemic periodic paralysis
- Central diabetes insipidus (DI)
- Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency
- Bartter's syndrome
- Gitelman's syndrome
- Liddle's syndrome
- Renal disease associated with Sjogren's syndrome
- Renal disease associated with lupus nephropathy
- Burns
- Eczema involving a large surface area
- Psoriasis involving a large surface area
- Cystic fibrosis (CF)
- Primary (often psychogenic) polydipsia
- Hypothermia
Contributors
Authors
Udaya Kabadi, MD
Professor of Medicine
University of Iowa
Des Moines Internal Medicine Residency Training Program
Staff Endocrinologist
Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Des Moines
IA
Disclosures
UK is an author of references cited in this topic.
Acknowledgements
Dr Udaya Kabadi would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Sumit Sharma and Dr Preeti Agrawal, previous contributors to this monograph. SS and PA declare that they have no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Manish Suneja, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Internal Medicine
Division of Nephrology
University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics
Iowa City
IA
Disclosures
MS declares that he has no competing interests.
Suresh C. Hathiwala, MD
Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine
Chicago Medical School
Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science
Associate Program Director
Department of Medicine
Mount Sinai Hospital
Chicago
IL
Disclosures
SCH declares that he has no competing interests.
Dimitrios Kirmizis, MD, MSc, PhD
Nephrologist
Aristotle University
Thessaloniki
Greece
Disclosures
DK declares that he has no competing interests.
Guidelines
- Hypokalaemia
- SFE/SFHTA/AFCE consensus on primary aldosteronism, part 1: Epidemiology of PA, who should be screened for sporadic PA?
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