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Leishmaniasis

Last reviewed: 1 Oct 2024
Last updated: 20 Jun 2023

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • previous stay in endemic area
  • immunosuppression
  • prolonged fever
  • weight loss
  • ulcerative skin lesions
  • multiple nonulcerative skin nodules
  • destructive mucosal inflammation
  • splenomegaly
  • skin darkening
Full details

Other diagnostic factors

  • fatigue
  • cough
  • headache
  • wasting
  • enlarged lymph nodes
  • hepatomegaly
  • previous antileishmanial treatment
  • epistaxis
  • abdominal pain
Full details

Risk factors

  • high exposure to sand fly bites
  • poverty
  • proximity to a patient with a history of infection
  • ownership of domestic animals
  • immunosuppression
Full details

Diagnostic tests

1st tests to order

  • CBC
  • liver function tests and BUN
  • serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Full details

Tests to consider

  • microscopic exam of relevant specimen
  • blood (buffy coat) or tissue culture
  • polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
  • serology
  • serum HIV testing
Full details

Treatment algorithm

ACUTE

cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL)

mucosal leishmaniasis (ML)

visceral leishmaniasis (VL)

ONGOING

post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL)

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Contributors

Authors

Naomi E. Aronson, MD

Professor of Medicine

Director, Infectious Diseases Division

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

Bethesda

MD

Disclosures

NEA receives federal grants to study leishmaniasis (received by NEA's institution USU), has given lectures on the topic of leishmaniasis at national and international meetings, and has a patent on biomarkers for leishmaniasis. NEA has received honoraria from the Welcome Trust. NEA's institution USU has received royalties for her writing and editorial work for UpToDate. NEA is an author of a number of references cited in this topic. The views expressed in this topic are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy of the Department of Army/Navy/Air Force, the Department of Defense, or the US Government.

Nathanial K. Copeland, MD, MTM&H

Assistant Professor of Medicine

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

Bethesda

MD

Disclosures

NKC is an author of a number of references cited in this topic. The views expressed in this topic are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy of the Department of Army/Navy/Air Force, the Department of Defense, or the US Government.

Acknowledgements

Professor Naomi E. Aronson and Dr Nathanial K. Copeland would like to gratefully acknowledge Professor Richard Reithinger and Professor François Chappuis, previous contributors to this topic.

Disclosures

RR and FC are authors of a number of references cited in this topic.

Peer reviewers

Roberto Arenas, MD

Chief of the Mycology Section

Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez General Hospital

Mexico

Disclosures

RA is the author of an article cited in this topic.

  • Leishmaniasis images
  • Differentials

    • Hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly (HMS)
    • Malaria infection
    • Schistosomiasis
    More Differentials
  • Guidelines

    • CDC Yellow Book: health information for international travel - visceral leishmaniasis
    • Parasites - leishmaniasis. Resources for health professionals
    More Guidelines
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