Summary
Differentials
Common
- Alcohol related liver disease
- Choledocholithiasis
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Drug-induced liver injury
- Ascending cholangitis
- Pancreatic carcinoma
- Liver metastases
- Hemolytic anemia
- Decompensated cirrhosis
- Acute liver failure
- Acute-on-chronic liver failure
Uncommon
- Gilbert syndrome
- Hepatitis E
- Hepatitis D
- Leptospirosis
- Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) cholangiopathy
- Cholangiocarcinoma
- Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
- Postoperative stricture
- Primary sclerosing cholangitis
- Primary biliary cholangitis
- Wilson disease
- Hereditary hemochromatosis
- Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
- Parasitic infections
- AIDS cholangiopathy
- Heart failure
Contributors
Authors
Janisha Patel, BSc, PhD, MBChB
Consultant Hepatologist
University Hospital Southampton
Southampton
UK
Disclosures
JP declares that she has no competing interests.
Alex Smith, MBChB MRCP
Hepatology Specialist Registrar
University Hospital Southampton
Southampton
UK
Disclosures
AS declares that he has no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
Dr Janisha Patel and Dr Alex Smith would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Rene Ramnarace, Dr Harry R. Dalton, Dr Peter Draganov, and Dr Grant F. Hutchins, previous contributors to this topic.
Disclosures
RR, HRD, PD, and GFH declare that they have no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Jeffrey S. Upperman, MD, FACS, FAAP
Associate Professor of Surgery
Division of General Pediatric Surgery; Director of the Trauma Program
Children's Hospital
Los Angeles
CA
Disclosures
JSU declares that he has no competing interests.
Grant Sanders, MBBS
Consultant
Laparoscopic Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeon
Derriford Hospital
Plymouth
UK
Disclosures
GS declares that he has no competing interests.
Jawad Ahmad, MD, FRCP, FAASLD
Professor of Medicine
Division of Liver Diseases
Mount Sinai Hospital
New York
NY
Disclosures
JA declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
References
Key articles
Jophlin LL, Singal AK, Bataller R, et al. ACG clinical guideline: alcohol-associated liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2024 Jan 1;119(1):30-54.Full text Abstract
Fontana RJ, Liou I, Reuben A, et al. AASLD practice guidance on drug, herbal, and dietary supplement-induced liver injury. Hepatology. 2023 Mar 1;77(3):1036-65.Full text
Bajaj JS, O'Leary JG, Lai JC, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure clinical guidelines. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Feb 1;117(2):225-52.Full text Abstract
Biggins SW, Angeli P, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatorenal syndrome: 2021 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2021 Aug;74(2):1014-48.Full text Abstract
American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: jaundice. 2018 [internet publication].Full text
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
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