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Encephalitis

Última revisão: 12 Aug 2025
Última atualização: 04 Mar 2025

Resumo

Definição

História e exame físico

Principais fatores diagnósticos

  • fever
  • rash
  • altered mental state
  • focal neurologic deficit
  • meningismus
  • parotitis
  • lymphadenopathy
  • optic neuritis
  • acute flaccid paralysis
  • movement disorder
Detalhes completos

Outros fatores diagnósticos

  • cough
  • gastrointestinal infection
  • seizures
  • biphasic illness
  • autonomic and hypothalamic disturbances
  • myocarditis/pericarditis
  • jaundice
  • arthritis
  • retinitis
  • parkinsonism
Detalhes completos

Fatores de risco

  • age <1 or >65 years
  • immunodeficiency
  • vector exposure and/or animal bites
  • location
  • vaccination
  • postinfection
  • blood/body fluid exposure
  • organ transplantation
  • season
  • occupation
  • hunting/trekking in woods
  • swimming or diving in warm freshwater or nasal/sinus irrigation
  • spelunking (cave-exploring)
  • death in animals
  • cancer
Detalhes completos

Investigações diagnósticas

Primeiras investigações a serem solicitadas

  • CBC
  • peripheral blood smear
  • serum electrolytes
  • liver function tests
  • blood cultures
  • throat swab
  • nasopharyngeal aspirate
  • chest radiography
  • CT brain
  • MRI brain
  • electroencephalogram (EEG)
  • cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis
  • CSF culture
  • CSF serology
  • CSF polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Detalhes completos

Investigações a serem consideradas

  • stool enteroviral culture
  • sputum culture
  • IgG and IgM antibodies (blood or CSF)
  • PCR (blood)
  • HIV serology/RNA test
  • CSF biomarkers/prion protein assay
  • paraneoplastic antibodies (blood and CSF)
  • abdominal/pelvic ultrasound
  • whole-body CT
  • whole-body PET scans
  • magnetic resonance spectroscopy
  • next-generation sequencing of CSF
  • brain biopsy
Detalhes completos

Algoritmo de tratamento

Inicial

immunocompetent host: suspected viral etiology

immunocompromised host: suspected viral etiology

AGUDA

confirmed herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis

confirmed varicella zoster virus (VZV) encephalitis

confirmed cytomegalovirus (CMV) encephalitis

confirmed Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encephalitis

confirmed herpes B encephalitis

confirmed human herpes 6 encephalitis

confirmed nonherpes virus etiology

nonviral etiology

CONTÍNUA

convalescent phase: all etiologies

Colaboradores

Autores

Sung G Ji, MD, PhD

Behavioral Neurology Fellow

Department of Neurology

University of Washington

Seattle

WA

Declarações

SGJ declares that he has no competing interests.

Payal B. Patel, MD

Assistant Professor of Neurology

Department of Neurology

University of Washington

Seattle

WA

Declarações

PBP has received research funding support from the National Institute of Health and Bayer Pharmaceuticals. PBP has received an honorarium as an author from Medlink Neurology and Continuum Neurology.

Agradecimentos

Dr Payal B. Patel would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Leo H. Wang, Dr Louise T. Wang, Dr Catalina C. Ionita, Dr Manjunath Markandaya, Dr David Janicke, Dr Robert Schmidt, and Dr Kimiko Domoto-Reilly, previous contributors to this topic.

Declarações

LHW, LTW, CCI, MM, DJ, RS, and KDR declare that they have no competing interests.

Revisores

Alejandro Rabinstein, MD

Professor of Neurology

Mayo Clinic

Rochester

MN

Declarações

AR has participated in advisory board meetings for Astra Zeneca, Chiesi, and Shionogi.

Rodrigo Hasbun, MD, MPH, FIDSA

Professor of Medicine

UT Health McGovern Medical School

Houston

TX

Declarações

RH has received research support and personal fees from Biomeriaux (Biofare Diagnostics).

Russel Dale, MBChB, MRCPCH, MSc, PhD

Professor of Paediatric Neurology

The University of Sydney

Consultant Neurologist

The Children's Hospital at Westmead

Sydney

Australia

Declarações

RD declares that he has no competing interests.

Peer reviewer acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.

Disclosures

Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.

Referências

Nossas equipes internas de editoria e de evidências trabalham em conjunto com colaboradores internacionais especializados e pares revisores para garantir que forneçamos acesso às informações o mais clinicamente relevantes possível.

Principais artigos

Venkatesan A, Tunkel AR, Bloch KC, et al. Case definitions, diagnostic algorithms, and priorities in encephalitis: consensus statement of the International Encephalitis Consortium. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Oct;57(8):1114-28.Texto completo  Resumo

Solomon T, Michael BD, Smith PE, et al. Management of suspected viral encephalitis in adults--Association of British Neurologists and British Infection Association National Guidelines. J Infect. 2012 Apr;64(4):347-73.Texto completo  Resumo

Miller JM, Binnicker MJ, Campbell S, et al. Guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2024 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). Clin Infect Dis. 2024 Mar 5:ciae104.Texto completo  Resumo

Kneen R, Michael BD, Menson E, et al. Management of suspected viral encephalitis in children - Association of British Neurologists and British Paediatric Allergy, Immunology and Infection Group national guidelines. J Infect. 2012 May;64(5):449-77.Texto completo  Resumo

Artigos de referência

Uma lista completa das fontes referenciadas neste tópico está disponível para os usuários com acesso total ao BMJ Best Practice.
  • Encephalitis images
  • Diagnósticos diferenciais

    • Viral meningitis
    • Encephalopathy (toxic/metabolic)
    • Status epilepticus
    Mais Diagnósticos diferenciais
  • Diretrizes

    • Guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases
    • Canadian consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune encephalitis in adults
    Mais Diretrizes
  • Folhetos informativos para os pacientes

    Meningitis and septicemia

    Lumbar puncture

    Mais Folhetos informativos para os pacientes
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