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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Evidencia revisada por última vez: 13 Aug 2026
Tema actualizado por última vez: 27 Sep 2024

Resumen

Definición

Anamnesis y examen

Principales factores de diagnóstico

  • upper extremity weakness
  • stiffness, with poor coordination and balance
  • spastic, unsteady gait
  • painful muscle spasms
  • difficulties arising from chairs and climbing stairs
  • foot drop
  • stiffness and decreased balance with impact on gait
  • head drop
  • progressive difficulties maintaining erect posture, with stooping
  • muscle atrophy
  • increased lumbar lordosis and tendency for abdominal protuberance
  • hyperreflexia
  • dyspnea
  • coughing and choking on liquids (including secretions) and eventually on food
  • strained, slow speech
  • slurred, nasal, and, at times, dysphonic speech
  • hypophonic speech
Todos los datos

Otros factores de diagnóstico

  • propensity for falls
  • sialorrhea and drooling
  • inappropriate bursts of crying or laughing
  • cognitive impairment
  • features of frontotemporal dementia
Todos los datos

Factores de riesgo

  • genetic predisposition or family history
  • age >40 years
  • military service
  • professional athletic activity
  • cigarette smoking
  • agricultural chemical exposure
  • lead exposure
Todos los datos

Pruebas diagnósticas

Primeras pruebas diagnósticas para solicitar

  • clinical diagnosis
Todos los datos

Pruebas diagnósticas que deben considerarse

  • electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies
  • repetitive nerve stimulation
  • MRI brain and spine
  • anti-GM1 antibodies
  • voltage-gated calcium-channel antibodies
  • acetylcholine receptor (AChR) and muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) antibodies
  • vitamin B₁₂
  • creatine kinase
  • lumbar puncture
  • HIV test
  • genetic testing
Todos los datos

Algoritmo de tratamiento

En curso

all patients

Colaboradores

Autores

Christen Shoesmith, MD, FRCPC

Associate Professor of Neurology

Clinical Neurological Sciences

London Health Sciences Centre

London

Ontario

Canada

Divulgaciones

CS has received honoraria from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Canada for participating in scientific medical advisory boards and for presenting at ALS CME events. She has also received stipends for consultancy work for Biogen. She is the chair of the CALS (Canadian ALS Research Network) and in that capacity sits on the scientific medical advisory board for ALS Canada. She is the site PI for several multicenter clinical trials, including trials sponsored by Mitsubishi Tanabe, AL-S Pharma, Sanofi, Calico, and Cytokintetics. CS is an author of references cited in this topic.

Agradecimientos

Dr Christen Shoesmith would like to gratefully acknowledge Professor Christopher J. McDermott, Dr Laura Simionescu, and Dr Jeremy Shefner, previous contributors to this topic.

Divulgaciones

CJM received fees for membership of data monitoring committees from Orion Pharma and Orphazyme. LS and JS declare that they have no competing interests.

Revisores por pares

William S. David, MD, PhD

Associate Professor of Neurology

Harvard Medical School

Boston

MA

Divulgaciones

WSD declares that he has no competing interests.

Leo McCluskey, MD MBE

Associate Professor of Neurology

University of Pennsylvania

Philadelphia

PA

Divulgaciones

LM declares that he has no competing interests.

Martin R. Turner, MA, MBBS, PhD, MRCP

MRC/MNDA Lady Edith Wolfson Clinician Scientist & Honorary Consultant Neurologist

Oxford University Department of Clinical Neurology

John Radcliffe Hospital

Oxford

UK

Divulgaciones

MRT is a co-author of "Motor Neuron Disease – A Practical Manual" (Oxford University Press, 2010), which is a summary of his own understanding and practice, and which strongly influenced the recommendations for revision of the current article. He receives a proportion of royalties derived from sales of this book.

Agradecimiento de los revisores por pares

Los temas de BMJ Best Practice se actualizan de forma continua de acuerdo con los desarrollos en la evidencia y en las guías. Los revisores por pares listados aquí han revisado el contenido al menos una vez durante la historia del tema.

Divulgaciones

Las afiliaciones y divulgaciones de los revisores por pares se refieren al momento de la revisión.

Referencias

Nuestros equipos internos de evidencia y editoriales colaboran con colaboradores expertos internacionales y revisores pares para garantizar que brindemos acceso a la información más clínicamente relevante posible.

Artículos principales

Shoesmith C, Abrahao A, Benstead T, et al. Canadian best practice recommendations for the management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. CMAJ. 2020 Nov 16;192(46):E1453-68.Texto completo  Resumen

Andersen PM, Abrahams S, Borasio GD, et al. EFNS guidelines on the clinical management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (MALS) - revised report of an EFNS task force. Eur J Neurol. 2012 Mar;19(3):360-75.Texto completo  Resumen

Brooks BR, Miller RG, Swash M, et al; World Federation of Neurology Research Group on Motor Neuron Diseases. El Escorial revisited: revised criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2000 Dec;1(5):293-9. Resumen

de Carvalho M, Dengler R, Eisen A, et al. Electrodiagnostic criteria for diagnosis of ALS. Clin Neurophysiol. 2008 Mar;119(3):497-503. Resumen

Shefner JM, Al-Chalabi A, Baker MR, et al. A proposal for new diagnostic criteria for ALS. Clin Neurophysiol. 2020 Aug;131(8):1975-8.Texto completo  Resumen

Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter update: the care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: multidisciplinary care, symptom management, and cognitive/behavioral impairment (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2009 Oct 13;73(15):1227-33.Texto completo  Resumen

Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter update: the care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: drug, nutritional, and respiratory therapies (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2009 Oct 13;73(15):1218-26. [Errata in: Neurology. 2009 Dec 15;73(24):2134; Neurology. 2010 Mar 2;74(9):781.]Texto completo  Resumen

Artículos de referencia

Una lista completa de las fuentes a las que se hace referencia en este tema está disponible para los usuarios con acceso a todo BMJ Best Practice.
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