Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presence of risk factors
- hx of rheumatic fever
- dyspnoea
- orthopnoea
- opening snap on auscultation
- diastolic murmur
- loud P2
- neck vein distension
- paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea
- haemoptysis
- hoarseness
- peripheral oedema
- ascites
Other diagnostic factors
- 40 to 50 years old
- loud S1
- irregularly irregular pulse
- flushed cheeks
Risk factors
- streptococcal infection
- female sex
- ergot medications
- serotogenic medications
- SLE
- amyloidosis
- bronchial carcinoid syndrome
Diagnostic investigations
Investigations to consider
- trans-oesophageal echocardiography
- cardiac catheterisation
- dynamic exercise testing
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors VIEW ALL
Professor of Medicine
Icahn School of Medicine
Chairman
Mount Sinai Beth Israel Department of Cardiology
New York
NY
Disclosures
BC declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers VIEW ALL
Associate Professor of Pediatrics
Medical Director
Pediatric Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit
University of Michigan Congenital Heart Center
C.S. Mott Children's Hospital
Ann Arbor
MI
Disclosures
JRC declares that he has no competing interests.
Professor of Medicine
VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System
UCLA School of Medicine
Los Angeles
CA
Disclosures
DL declares that he has no competing interests.
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