Summary
Definition
病史和体格检查
其他诊断因素
- muscle weakness
- generalized fatigue
- paresthesia
- muscle cramps
- flaccid muscle paralysis
- bradycardia
- nausea and vomiting
- diarrhea
- shortness of breath
- chest pain
- palpitations
- extrasystoles
- cardiac pauses
- tachypnea
- depressed or absent deep tendon reflexes
- hypoactive or absent bowel sounds
危险因素
- kidney dysfunction
- heart failure
- use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi)
- use of aldosterone antagonists
- use of trimethoprim
- liver disease
- tissue breakdown
- distal renal tubule defects
- diabetes mellitus
- diabetic ketoacidosis
- use of other drugs that cause hyperkalemia
- increased intake of potassium
- metabolic acidosis
- digoxin (digitalis) toxicity
- primary adrenal insufficiency
- hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
诊断性检查
首要检查
- serum potassium
- 12-lead ECG
- blood gas
- CBC
- plasma glucose
- renal chemistry
- serum calcium
需考虑的检查
- uric acid and phosphorus
- creatine kinase
- serum digoxin level
- cortisol and aldosterone levels
- 24-hour urine potassium excretion
- plasma and urine potassium and osmolality
- urine pH
- plasma renin activity
治疗流程
acute hyperkalemia with potentially life-threatening features
acute hyperkalemia without potentially life-threatening features
chronic hyperkalemia
撰稿人
作者
Sri G. Yarlagadda, MD
Associate Professor
Kidney Institute
The University of Kansas Medical Center
Kansas City
KS
利益声明
SGY declares that she has no competing interests.
同行评议者
Manish Suneja, MD
Professor
University of Iowa and Carver College of Medicine
University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
Iowa City
IA
利益声明
MD receives royalties from McGraw Hill as editor of DeGowin's Diagnostic Examination.
Annette Alfonzo, MbChB, MRCP, MD
Consultant Nephrologist
Victoria Hospital
Kirkcaldy
Fife
UK
Declarações
AA declares that she has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
Referências
Principais artigos
Alfonzo A, Harrison A, Baines R, et al; UK Kidney Association (formerly the Renal Association). Clinical practice guidelines: treatment of acute hyperkalaemia in adults. June 2020 [internet publication].Texto completo
Rafique Z, Peacock F, Armstead T, et al. Hyperkalemia management in the emergency department: an expert panel consensus. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open. 2021 Oct;2(5):e12572.Texto completo Resumo
Lott C, Truhlář A, Alfonzo A, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: cardiac arrest in special circumstances. Resuscitation. 2021 Apr;161:152-219.Texto completo Resumo
Clase CM, Carrero JJ, Ellison DH, et al. Potassium homeostasis and management of dyskalemia in kidney diseases: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) controversies conference. Kidney Int. 2020 Jan;97(1):42-61.Texto completo Resumo
Rossignol P, Legrand M, Kosiborod M, et al. Emergency management of severe hyperkalemia: guideline for best practice and opportunities for the future. Pharmacol Res. 2016 Nov;113(pt a):585-91.Texto completo Resumo
Artigos de referência
Uma lista completa das fontes referenciadas neste tópico está disponível para os usuários com acesso total ao BMJ Best Practice.
Diagnósticos diferenciais
- Pseudohyperkalemia
Mais Diagnósticos diferenciaisDiretrizes
- Hyperkalemia management in the emergency department: an expert panel consensus
- Potassium homeostasis and management of dyskalemia in kidney diseases: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) controversies conference
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