When viewing this topic in a different language, you may notice some differences in the way the content is structured, but it still reflects the latest evidence-based guidance.

Cirrhosis

Última revisão: 5 Aug 2025
Última atualização: 05 Mar 2025

Resumo

Definição

História e exame físico

Principais fatores diagnósticos

  • abdominal distension
  • jaundice and pruritus
  • blood in vomit (hematemesis) and black stool (melena)
  • hand and nail features (e.g., leukonychia, palmar erythema, spider nevi)
  • facial features, e.g., telangiectasia, spider nevi, jaundiced sclera
  • abdominal features (e.g., collateral circulation, hepatosplenomegaly, distension)
  • altered mental status
Detalhes completos

Outros fatores diagnósticos

  • constitutional symptoms
  • lower extremity swelling
  • hepatic fetor
  • muscle wasting
  • peripheral edema
  • recurrent infections
  • decreased libido
  • chest wall features (e.g., gynecomastia)
  • dyspnea
  • chest pain
  • syncope
Detalhes completos

Fatores de risco

  • alcohol misuse
  • intravenous drug use
  • unprotected intercourse
  • obesity
  • country of birth
  • blood transfusion
  • tattooing
Detalhes completos

Investigações diagnósticas

Primeiras investigações a serem solicitadas

  • liver function tests
  • gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)
  • serum albumin
  • serum sodium
  • serum potassium
  • prothrombin time
  • platelet count
  • antibodies to hepatitis C virus ± hepatitis C virus RNA
  • hepatitis B surface antigen ± hepatitis B DNA assay
Detalhes completos

Investigações a serem consideradas

  • total iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin saturation, and serum ferritin
  • antinuclear antibody
  • antismooth muscle antibody
  • liver kidney microsomal antibody
  • antimitochondrial antibody
  • serum immunoglobulins
  • serum ceruloplasmin
  • plasma alpha-1 antitrypsin
  • alpha-fetoprotein
  • abdominal ultrasound
  • abdominal CT
  • abdominal MRI
  • upper gastrointestinal endoscopy
  • liver biopsy
  • imaging-based noninvasive tests
  • blood-based noninvasive tests
  • portal pressure assessment
Detalhes completos

Algoritmo de tratamento

CONTÍNUA

all patients

Colaboradores

Autores

Apostolos Koffas, MD (AUTH), MRCP (UK), FESBGH

Consultant Hepatologist (Locum)

Barts Health NHS Trust

London

UK

Declarações

AK declares that he has no competing interests.

Patrick T. F. Kennedy, MB, BCh, BAO, BMedSci, FRCP, MD

Professor and Consultant Hepatologist

Barts Liver Centre

Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry

London

UK

Declarações

PTFK acts as an advisor for Gilead Sciences, Janssen, and Immunocore. PTFK has received grant funding from Gilead Sciences.

Agradecimentos

Dr Apostolos Koffas and Professor Patrick T. F. Kennedy would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Grace E. Dolman, Dr Keith D. Lindor, and Dr Flavia Mendes, previous contributors to this topic.

Declarações

GED declares that she has no competing interests. KDL is an unpaid advisor for Intercept Pharmaceuticals and Shire Pharmaceuticals. FM declares that she has no competing interests.

Revisores

Phillipp Hartmann, MD, MAS, DABOM

Assistant Professor - Pediatric Gastroenterology

Hepatology & Nutrition - University of California San Diego

Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego

San Diego

CA

Declarações

PH declares that he has no competing interests.

James Neuberger, DM, FRCP, Hon

Consultant Physician

Hon Professor in Medicine

Associate Medical Director NHSBT

Queen Elizabeth Hospital

Birmingham

UK

Declarações

JN declares that he has no competing interests.

Peer reviewer acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.

Disclosures

Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.

Referências

Nossas equipes internas de editoria e de evidências trabalham em conjunto com colaboradores internacionais especializados e pares revisores para garantir que forneçamos acesso às informações o mais clinicamente relevantes possível.

Principais artigos

Kaplan DE, Ripoll C, Thiele M, et al. AASLD practice guidance on risk stratification and management of portal hypertension and varices in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2024 May 1;79(5):1180-211.Texto completo  Resumo

de Franchis R, Bosch J, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Baveno VII: renewing consensus in portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2022 Apr;76(4):959-74.Texto completo  Resumo

European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis: 2021 update. J Hepatol. 2021 Sep;75(3):659-89.Texto completo  Resumo

European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2018 Aug;69(2):406-60.Texto completo  Resumo

Rogal SS, Hansen L, Patel A, et al. AASLD practice guidance: palliative care and symptom-based management in decompensated cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2022 Sep;76(3):819-53.Texto completo  Resumo

European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol. 2022 Sep;77(3):807-24.Texto completo  Resumo

Artigos de referência

Uma lista completa das fontes referenciadas neste tópico está disponível para os usuários com acesso total ao BMJ Best Practice.
  • Cirrhosis images
  • Diagnósticos diferenciais

    • Budd-Chiari syndrome
    • Portal vein thrombosis
    • Splenic vein thrombosis
    Mais Diagnósticos diferenciais
  • Diretrizes

    • AASLD practice guidance on acute-on-chronic liver failure and the management of critically ill patients with cirrhosis
    • AASLD practice guidance on risk stratification and management of portal hypertension and varices in cirrhosis
    Mais Diretrizes
  • Folhetos informativos para os pacientes

    Cirrhosis: what is it?

    Cirrhosis: what are the treatment options?

    Mais Folhetos informativos para os pacientes
  • Calculadoras

    NAFLD Fibrosis Score

    Mais Calculadoras
  • Videos

    Abdominal paracentesis animated demonstration

    Mais vídeos
  • padlock-lockedConectar-se ou assinar para acessar todo o BMJ Best Practice

O uso deste conteúdo está sujeito ao nosso aviso legal