Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presence of risk factors
- abnormal vaginal bleeding
- postcoital bleeding
- pelvic or back pain
- dyspareunia
- cervical mass
- cervical bleeding
Other diagnostic factors
- mucoid or purulent vaginal discharge
- bladder, renal, or bowel obstruction
- bone pain
Risk factors
- human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
- age group
- HIV infection
- early onset of sexual activity (younger than 18)
- multiple sexual partners
- cigarette smoking
- immunosuppression
- history of STI
- oral contraceptive pill use
- high parity
- uncircumcised male partner
- micronutrient malnutrition
- low serum folate
- low vitamin C and E levels
- alcohol use
- low socioeconomic status
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- vaginal or speculum examination
- colposcopy
- biopsy
- human papillomavirus (HPV) testing
Investigations to consider
- FBC
- renal function testing
- liver function tests
- chest x-ray
- intravenous pyelogram
- renal ultrasound
- barium enema
- sigmoidoscopy
- cystoscopy
- MRI pelvis
- PET whole body
- PET/CT whole body
- CT of chest/abdomen/pelvis with intravenous/oral contrast
- molecular testing
Emerging tests
- p16 and Ki67 biomarker expression
Treatment algorithm
non-pregnant stage IA1 without LVSI: desiring fertility
non-pregnant stage IA1 without LVSI: not desiring fertility
non-pregnant, stage IA1 with LVSI: desiring fertility
non-pregnant, stage IA1 with LVSI: not desiring fertility
non-pregnant stage IA2: desiring fertility
non-pregnant stage IA2: not desiring fertility
non-pregnant stage IB1: desiring fertility
non-pregnant stage IB1: not desiring fertility
non-pregnant stage IB2: desiring fertility
non-pregnant, stage IB2: not desiring fertility
non-pregnant stage IIA1
non-pregnant stage IB3 or IIA2
non-pregnant stage IIB to IVA
non-pregnant, stage IVB (metastatic disease)
non-pregnant local or regional recurrent disease
pregnant
Contributors
Authors
Richard T. Penson, MD, MRCP
Clinical Director
Medical Gynecologic Oncology
Division of Hematology Oncology
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston
MA
Disclosures
RTP reports serving on scientific advisory boards for AstraZeneca, Eisai, GSK Inc., ImmunoGen Inc., Merck & Co., Mersana, Novocure, Roche Pharma, Sutro Biopharma, Vascular Biogenics Ltd; data and safety monitoring boards for AstraZeneca and Roche Pharma; institutional research funding (as Principal Investigator) for Array BioPharma Inc., AstraZeneca, Eisai Inc., Genentech Inc., Regeneron, Sanofi-Aventis US LLC, Tesaro Inc., Vascular Biogenics Ltd; and royalties from BMJ Publishing, UptoDate, Elsevier Ltd, Wolters Kluwer Health, and Wiley-Blackwell.
Andrea L. Russo, MD
Director
Gynecologic Radiation Oncology
Associate Clinical Director
Department of Radiation Oncology
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston
MA
Disclosures
ALR declares that she has no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
Dr Richard T. Penson and Dr Andrea L. Russo would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Larissa J. Lee, their co-contributor who is sadly deceased, and to acknowledge Dr Neil S. Horowitz and Dr Anthony H. Russell, previous contributors to this topic.
Disclosures
NSH and AHR declare that they have no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Tracilyn Hall, MD
Assistant Professor of Gynecologic Oncology
Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center
Baylor College of Medicine Houston
Houston
TX
Disclosures
TH declares that she has no competing interests.
Linda Yang, MD
Fellow
Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery
Magee Women's Hospital
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
PA
Disclosures
LY declares that she has no competing interests.
Deirdre Lyons, MB, BCh, BAO, MRCOG
Consultant in Obstetrics & Gynaecology
Lead Clinician in Colposcopy
Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust
London
UK
Disclosures
DL declares that she has no competing interests.
Differentials
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
- Pelvic infection
- Nabothian cyst
More DifferentialsGuidelines
- Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV
- ACR appropriateness criteria: pretreatment evaluation and follow-up of invasive cancer of the cervix
More GuidelinesPatient information
Cervical cancer
HPV (human papillomavirus) vaccine
More Patient information
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