Assessment of dementia

Last reviewed: 7 Aug 2025
Last updated: 05 Aug 2025

Summary

Differentials

Common

  • Mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
  • Delirium
  • Depression
  • Alzheimer's dementia
  • Vascular dementia
  • Lewy body dementia
Full details

Uncommon

  • Amnestic syndromes
  • Aphasia
  • Frontotemporal dementia
  • Parkinson's disease
  • Huntington's disease
  • Brain tumours
  • Cushing's syndrome
  • Hypopituitarism
  • Primary hyperparathyroidism
  • Acute intermittent porphyria
  • Primary hypothyroidism
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Wilson's disease
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency
  • Traumatic brain injury
  • Lyme disease
  • Tuberculosis
  • Neurosyphilis
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus
  • Sjogren's syndrome
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Drug use
  • Toxin-induced
  • Normal pressure hydrocephalus
  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Full details

Contributors

Authors

Aarti Gupta, MBBS

Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychiatry (adjunct)

Yale University School of Medicine

New Haven

CT

Staff Psychiatrist

Hackensack University Medical Center

Hackensack

NJ

Disclosures

AG declares that she has no competing interests.

Acknowledgements

Dr Aarti Gupta would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Rajesh Tampi, Dr Sarper Taskiran, Dr Javier Lopez, and Dr Sunanda Muralee, the previous contributors to this topic. RT, ST, JL, and SM declare that they have no competing interests.

Peer reviewers

Kirsten Wilkins, MD

Associate Professor of Psychiatry

Yale School of Medicine

New Haven

CT

Disclosures

KW declares that she has no competing interests.

Daniel Kaufer, MD

Director

Memory Disorders Program

Department of Neurology

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

NC

Disclosures

DK has received research support, speaking honoraria, and consulting fees from Eisai, Forest Laboratories, Johnson & Johnson, Medivation, Novartis, Ortho-McNeil, and Pfizer.

Lawrence Whalley, MD, FRCP(E), FRCPsych

Professor Emeritus of Mental Health

University of Aberdeen Institute of Applied Health Sciences

Aberdeen

UK

Disclosures

LW declares that he has no competing interests.

Randolph Schiffer, MD

Director

Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health

Las Vegas

NV

Disclosures

RS declares that he has no competing interests.

Peer reviewer acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.

Disclosures

Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.

Galvin JE, Sadowsky CH. Practical guidelines for the recognition and diagnosis of dementia. J Am Board Fam Med. 2012 May-Jun;25(3):367-82.Full text  Abstract

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. Jun 2018 [internet publication].Full text

American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: dementia​. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
  • Guidelines

    • SIGN 168: Assessment, diagnosis, care and support for people with dementia and their carers
    • Recommendations to distinguish behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia from psychiatric disorders
    More Guidelines
  • Patient information

    Alzheimer' s disease and other kinds of dementia

    Caring for someone with dementia

    More Patient information
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