Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- hypertension
- tachycardia
- chest pain
- mydriasis
- diaphoresis
- tremulousness
- agitation (mild to severe)
- mood changes (e.g., irritability, euphoria, dysphoria, paranoia)
- suicide ideation
Other diagnostic factors
- anxiety (panic state: mild to severe)
- drug-induced formication
- previous hospitalization for medically supervised withdrawal
- heat-related injuries (e.g., blisters, sores, and cuts on the mouth) or burns on the thumbs
- nasal septum ulceration, perforation
- focal neurologic abnormalities
- seizure activity
- loss of consciousness/altered consciousness
- skin lesions (e.g., puncture marks, infections, erosions, necrosis)
- dyspnea
Risk factors
- adverse childhood events
- history of polysubstance use
- family history of substance use disorders
- history of mental health disorder
- male sex
Diagnostic tests
1st tests to order
- urine toxicology ± gas chromatography/mass spectrometry testing
- ECG
- cardiac enzymes
Tests to consider
- chest x-ray
- CT head
- electroencephalogram
- comprehensive blood panel
- hepatitis serology
- HIV serology
Treatment algorithm
acute intoxication
nonpregnant adults and adolescents: mild cocaine use disorder
nonpregnant adults and adolescents: moderate to severe cocaine use disorder
pregnant
sustained remission
treatment resistant
Contributors
Authors
Kim Wolff, MBE, PhD
Professor of Analytical, Forensic, and Addiction Science, Director, King’s Forensics
Faculty Life Science and Medicine
King’s College London
London
UK
Disclosures
KW declares that she has no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
Professor Kim Wolff would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Steven B. Karch, the previous contributor to this topic.
Disclosures
SBK is an author of a number of references cited in this topic. SBK gives expert testimony and receives royalties from a textbook that he authored.
Peer reviewers
Andrew J. Saxon, MD
Professor
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
University of Washington School of Medicine
Seattle
WA
Disclosures
AS declares that he receives royalties from UpToDate, Inc.
Adam Bisaga, MD
Professor
Clinical Psychiatry
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
New York City
NY
Disclosures
AB declares that his research team and institution received funding and medication donations from Alkermes.
Christos Kouimtsidis, MBBS, MSc, MRCPsych, PhD
Consultant Psychiatrist and Honorary Senior Lecturer
Addictions, Alcohol Research
Institute of Psychiatry
King's College London
London
UK
Declarações
CK declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
Referências
Principais artigos
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition, text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.
Clinical Guideline Committee (CGC) Members, ASAM Team, AAAP Team, et al. The ASAM/AAAP clinical practice guideline on the management of stimulant use disorder. J Addict Med. 2024 May-Jun 01;18(1s suppl 1):1-56.Texto completo Resumo
Department of Health and Social Care. Drug misuse and dependence: UK guidelines on clinical management. Dec 2017 [internet publication].Texto completo
World Health Organization. Guidelines for identification and management of substance use and substance use disorders in pregnancy. Nov 2014 [internet publication].Texto completo
Artigos de referência
Uma lista completa das fontes referenciadas neste tópico está disponível para os usuários com acesso total ao BMJ Best Practice.
Diagnósticos diferenciais
- Thyrotoxicosis
- Amphetamine and methamphetamine use disorder
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Mais Diagnósticos diferenciaisDiretrizes
- Engagement and retention of nonabstinent patients in substance use treatment
- The ASAM/AAAP clinical practice guideline on the management of stimulant use disorder
Mais DiretrizesFolhetos informativos para os pacientes
Cocaine use disorder
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