Анамнез и осмотр

Ключевые диагностические факторы

общие

cough with increasing sputum production

Usually present. Less common in older patients.

fever or chills

Usually present. Less common in older patients.

dyspnea

Usually present.

pleuritic pain

Associated with bacteremia in outpatients.

abnormal auscultatory findings

Asymmetric breath sounds, pleural rubs, egophony (increased resonance of voice sounds heard on auscultation), and increased fremitus may be heard.

Pleural rub
Pleural rub

Auscultation sounds: Pleural rub

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Другие диагностические факторы

общие

dullness to percussion

Suggests consolidations and/or pleural effusion.

myalgia

Nonspecific symptom that is often reported.

arthralgia

Nonspecific symptom that is often reported.

Редкие

confusion

Not generally common but often seen in older patients.

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