Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presence of risk factors
- fever (≥37.5°C)
- flu-like symptoms
- paraesthesias
- hyperaesthesias
- severe persistent headache
- dizziness
- ocular pain
- gait disturbances
- ataxia
- diplopia
- agitation
- meningismus
- muscle weakness (paresis)
- persistent hiccups
- dyspnoea
- ascending or acute flaccid paralysis
- vesicular lesions
Other diagnostic factors
- nausea/vomiting
- conjunctivitis
- rash
- lymphadenitis
- lymphangitis
- abdominal pain
Risk factors
- occupational exposure
- travel to countries with free-roaming macaques
- keeping macaques as pets
- exposure to non-macaque species that have been housed with macaques
Diagnostic investigations
Investigations to consider
- viral culture
- brain MRI
- brain CT
- CSF tests
- EEG
- brainstem auditory evoked responses
- somatosensory evoked potentials
- laboratory testing of animal specimen
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors
Leader
Herpesvirus Team
MMRHLB/DVD/NCIRD
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Atlanta
GA
Disclosures
DSS declares that he has no competing interests. The views included in this topic are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the National Institutes of Health.
Chief, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases
Chief, Medical Virology Section
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda
MD
Disclosures
JIC is the author of a reference cited in this monograph. The views included in this topic are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the National Institutes of Health.
Dr D. Scott Schmid and Dr Jeffrey I. Cohen would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Louisa E. Chapman, a previous contributor to this topic, and Dr Julia K. Hilliard for her contributions to this topic. Unfortunately, we have been made aware that Dr Louisa E. Chapman is now deceased.
Disclosures
JKH and LEC are the authors of several references cited in this topic.
Peer reviewers
Professor of Virology and Infectious Diseases
University of Liverpool
Liverpool
UK
Disclosures
AMG declares that she has no competing interests.
Assistant Professor of Neurology
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore
MD
Disclosures
DS has received research funding from the National Institutes of Health, the World Federation of Neurology, and the Johns Hopkins Center for AIDS Research.
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