Hyponatremia

Overview 
Theory 
Diagnosis 
Management 
Follow up 
Resources 

Last reviewed: 12 Jul 2025

Last updated: 28 Feb 2024

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder encountered in clinical practice.

Can occur in settings of volume depletion, volume overload, or euvolemia.

Serum osmolality, urine osmolality, and urine sodium concentration help to determine the underlying cause.

Cerebral edema is a medical emergency and occurs more frequently when hyponatremia develops over <48 hours. Patients should be treated promptly with hypertonic 3% saline.

Other treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include fluid restriction and stopping causative medications.

Overly rapid correction of serum sodium concentration can lead to the life-threatening complication of myelinolysis and should be avoided.

Definition

Hyponatremia is defined as a serum sodium concentration of <135 mEq/L (normal serum sodium concentration is in the range of 135-145 mEq/L).[1] It is a disorder of water balance reflected by an excess of total body water relative to electrolytes (total body sodium and potassium) leading to low plasma osmolality (i.e., <275 mOsm/kg).[2] Hyponatremia is generally caused by an increase in renal water reabsorption due to release of vasopressin (arginine vasopressin also known as antidiuretic hormone) along with water intake, and can occur in situations of volume depletion, volume overload, or normal volume. It should be noted that loss of sodium is minor compared with gains in water in most types of hyponatremia.

This topic principally focuses on hypotonic (hypo-osmolar) hyponatremia, the most common type of hyponatremia.

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

high fluid intake
fluid losses
history of diabetes mellitus
history of cirrhosis, nephrosis, congestive heart failure
nausea/vomiting
mild cognitive symptoms
altered mental status, seizures, coma
low urine output
weight changes
orthostatic hypotension
abnormal jugular venous pressure
poor skin turgor
dry mucus membranes
absence of axillary sweat
edema
rales or crackles on lung auscultation
polyuria

Full details

Other diagnostic factors

history of hyperlipidemia or paraproteinemia

Full details

Risk factors

older age
hospitalization
selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) use
thiazide diuretic use
underlying medical conditions
severe hypothyroidism
adrenal insufficiency
malignancy
use of other medications
MDMA (ecstasy) use

Full details

Diagnostic investigations

1st investigations to order

serum sodium concentration
serum electrolytes, BUN, creatinine, and glucose
serum osmolality
urine sodium concentration
urine osmolality
urine electrolytes
urine flow rate
electrolyte-free water excretion
fractional excretion of sodium
thyroid-stimulating hormone
serum cortisol level and/or adrenocorticotropic hormone test
serum lipids and serum protein electrophoresis

Full details

Investigations to consider

CT brain, chest, abdomen/pelvis
other tests targeted at evaluating the underlying cause

Full details

Algoritmo de tratamento

AGUDA

acute onset (<48 hours) and/or symptomatic

CONTÍNUA

chronic onset (≥48 hours) or asymptomatic

overcorrection of serum sodium concentration

Colaboradores

Autores

Judith H. Veis, MD

Section Director

Nephrology

MedStar Washington Hospital Center

Washington

Declarações

JHV declares that she has no competing interests.

Revisores

Gregor Lindner, MD

Director

Department of Internal & Emergency Medicine

Hirslanden Klinik Im Park

Zurich

Switzerland

Declarações

GL is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.

Michael E. Ullian, MD

Professor of Medicine

Division of Nephrology

Department of Medicine

Medical University of South Carolina

Charleston

Declarações

MEU declares that he has no competing interests.

Referências

Nossas equipes internas de editoria e de evidências trabalham em conjunto com colaboradores internacionais especializados e pares revisores para garantir que forneçamos acesso às informações o mais clinicamente relevantes possível.

Principais artigos

Spasovski G, Vanholder R, Allolio B, et al; Hyponatraemia Guideline Development Group. Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014 Feb 25;170(3):G1-47.Texto completo Resumo

Adrogué HJ, Tucker BM, Madias NE. Diagnosis and management of hyponatremia: a review. JAMA. 2022 Jul 19;328(3):280-91. Resumo

Verbalis JG, Grossman A, Höybye C, et al. Review and analysis of differing regulatory indications and expert panel guidelines for the treatment of hyponatremia. Curr Med Res Opin. 2014 Jul;30(7):1201-7. Resumo

Hoorn EJ, Zietse R. Diagnosis and treatment of hyponatremia: compilation of the guidelines. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 May;28(5):1340-9.Texto completo Resumo

Artigos de referência

Uma lista completa das fontes referenciadas neste tópico está disponível para os usuários com acesso total ao BMJ Best Practice.

Diagnósticos diferenciais
- Hypertonic hyponatremia
- Pseudohyponatremia
- Evaluation of hyponatremia
Mais Diagnósticos diferenciais
Guías de práctica clínica
- Clinical practice guidelines for the management of exercise-associated hyponatremia: 2019 update
- Clinical practice guidelines for the management of exercise-associated hyponatremia: 2019 update
Mais Guías de práctica clínica
Patient information
Hyponatremia (low blood sodium)
More Patient information
Calculators
Sodium Correction in Hyperglycemia (Hillier 1999)
Osmolality Estimator (serum)
More Calculators
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Hyponatremia

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

Other diagnostic factors

Risk factors

Diagnostic investigations

1st investigations to order

Investigations to consider

Algoritmo de tratamento

acute onset (<48 hours) and/or symptomatic

chronic onset (≥48 hours) or asymptomatic

overcorrection of serum sodium concentration

Colaboradores

Autores

Judith H. Veis, MD

Declarações

Revisores

Gregor Lindner, MD

Declarações

Michael E. Ullian, MD

Declarações

Referências

Principais artigos

Artigos de referência

Uma lista completa das fontes referenciadas neste tópico está disponível para os usuários com acesso total ao BMJ Best Practice.

Diagnósticos diferenciais

Guías de práctica clínica

Patient information

Calculators

Log in or subscribe to access all of BMJ Best Practice

Log in or subscribe to access all of BMJ Best Practice

Log in to access all of BMJ Best Practice