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Generalised anxiety disorder

Last reviewed: 11 Nov 2024
Last updated: 29 May 2024

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • presence of risk factors
  • excessive worry for at least 6 months
  • anxiety not confined to another mental health disorder
  • anxiety not due to medication or substance
  • muscle tension
  • sleep disturbance
  • fatigue
  • restlessness
  • irritability
  • poor concentration
Full details

Other diagnostic factors

  • headache
  • sweating
  • dizziness
  • gastrointestinal symptoms
  • muscle aches
  • increased heart rate
  • shortness of breath
  • trembling
  • exaggerated startle response
  • chest pain
Full details

Risk factors

  • family history of anxiety
  • physical or emotional stress
  • history of physical, sexual, or emotional trauma
  • other anxiety disorder
  • chronic physical health condition
  • female sex
Full details

Diagnostic investigations

1st investigations to order

  • clinical diagnosis
Full details

Investigations to consider

  • thyroid function tests
  • urine drug screen
  • 24-hour urine for catecholamines, metanephrines, normetanephrines, and creatinine
  • pulmonary function tests
  • ECG
Full details

Treatment algorithm

ONGOING

anxiety symptoms meeting DSM-5-TR criteria

anxiety symptoms not meeting DSM-5-TR criteria

Contributors

Authors

Philip John Cowen, MD, FRCPsych, FMedSci

Professor of Psychopharmacology

Department of Psychiatry

University of Oxford

Oxford

UK

Disclosures

PJC declares that he has no competing interests.

Acknowledgements

Professor Philip John Cowen would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Christopher Gale, Dr Richard P. Swinson, Dr Elizabeth Hoge, and Dr Phebe Tucker, previous contributors to this topic.

Disclosures

CG is an author of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guideline on social phobia, panic disorder, and generalised anxiety disorder. Otago University has commercial and research relationships with multiple pharmaceutical companies. He is an author of a number of references cited in this topic. RPS has personally received royalties for articles published in UpToDate (Wolters Kluwer) and the Compendium of Therapeutic Choices, 2nd edition (Canadian Pharmacists Association). EH is an author of a number of references cited in this topic. PT has conducted research for GlaxoSmithKline, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Astra-Zeneca, Cephalon, Inc., and Ortho-McNeil. She has also consulted for Forest Pharmaceuticals and received honoraria from Pfizer, Inc. and Forest Pharmaceuticals.

Peer reviewers

Lori Davis, MD

Research Director

University of Alabama

School of Medicine Tuscaloosa Campus

College of Community Health Sciences

Tuscaloosa

AL

Disclosures

LD declares that she has no competing interests.

Arianna Di Florio, MD, PhD

Senior Clinical Lecturer

Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences

Cardiff University

United Kingdom

Disclosures

ADF declares that she has no competing interests.

Elaine Lockhart, MD, BCH, BAO

Consultant in Paediatric Liaison Psychiatry

Royal Hospital for Children

Glasgow

United Kingdom

Disclosures

EL declares that she has no competing interests.

  • Differentials

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