Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presence of risk factors
- maternal age <20 years (gastroschisis)
- maternal age >40 years (omphalocele)
- elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (gastroschisis)
- positive antenatal ultrasound
- fetal chromosomal abnormalities (omphalocele)
- abdominal contents external to the abdominal wall
Risk factors
- maternal age <20 years (gastroschisis)
- male sex of neonate (gastroschisis)
- maternal age >40 years (omphalocele)
- smoking
- maternal infection during pregnancy
Diagnostic investigations
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors

Patient Safety
University of Florida College of Medicine
Jacksonville
FL
Disclosures
CLL declares that she has no competing interests.
Dr Cynthia L. Leaphart would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Joseph T. Tepas, a previous contributor to this topic. JTT declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Emeritus Nuffield Professor of Paediatric Surgery
Institute of Child Health
University College
London
UK
Disclosures
LS declares that he has no competing interests.
Assistant Professor of Surgery
Division of Pediatric Surgery
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore
MD
Disclosures
FA declares that he has no competing interests.
Consultant in Paediatric and Neonatal Surgery
Royal Alexandra Children's Hospital
Brighton
UK
Disclosures
RH declares that she has no competing interests.
Assistant Professor
Department of Pediatrics
University of Washington Medical Center
Seattle
WA
Disclosures
SC declares that he has no competing interests.
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