Hereditary spherocytosis
Summary
Definition
HS is an inherited abnormality of the red blood cell, caused by defects in structural membrane proteins. Globally, it is the most common red blood cell membrane disorder.[1]
The condition is dominantly inherited in 75% of people.[2] The severity of the disorder is related to the type and amount of membrane disruption, which is genetically determined. The abnormal cells are spherical. They are removed by the spleen, resulting in a reduced red-cell life span that deviates from the norm of 120 days by a variable degree. In severe cases, red-cell life span may be only 10 days. The severity of hemolysis varies between different individuals and can be exacerbated by infection. HS is associated with splenomegaly (commonly), anemia (variably) with an increased reticulocyte count, and jaundice (occasionally). [Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: Blood smear of a patient with HS; spherocyte indicatedFrom the collection of Shelley Crary, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX; used with permission [Citation ends].
Anamnesis y examen
Principales factores de diagnóstico
- positive family history
- at risk demographic
- pallor
- jaundice
- splenomegaly
Otros factores de diagnóstico
- fatigue
- hydrops fetalis or stillbirth
Factores de riesgo
- family history of splenectomy, anemia, jaundice, or hereditary spherocytosis (HS)
- at risk demographic
Pruebas diagnósticas
Primeras pruebas diagnósticas para solicitar
- CBC
- reticulocyte count
- blood smear
- serum bilirubin
- serum aminotransferases
- direct antiglobulin test (DAT)
Pruebas diagnósticas que deben considerarse
- eosin-5-maleimide binding test
- acidified glycerol lysis test
- cryohemolysis test
- genetic analysis
- sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Algoritmo de tratamiento
neonates (<28 days old)
infants (>28 days old), children, and adults: severe hereditary spherocytosis (HS)
infants (>28 days old), children, and adults: mild-to-moderate hereditary spherocytosis (HS)
Colaboradores
Autores
Shelley Crary, MD, MSCS
Associate Professor of Pediatrics
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Little Rock
AR
Divulgaciones
SC is reimbursed for membership on a drug and safety monitoring board (Novartis) for a nonrelated drug.
Agradecimientos
Dr Shelley Crary would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Paula Bolton-Maggs, a previous contributor to this topic.
Divulgaciones
PB-M has received travel and accommodation payments to give a series of lectures on pediatric hematology, one of which was on HS. She also was an expert witness in a legal case concerning a child with HS. PB-M is an author of some references cited in this topic.
Revisores por pares
Robert Schilling, MD
Professor of Medicine Emeritus
School of Medicine and Public Health
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Madison
WI
Divulgaciones
RS is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.
Agradecimiento de los revisores por pares
Los temas de BMJ Best Practice se actualizan de forma continua de acuerdo con los desarrollos en la evidencia y en las guías. Los revisores por pares listados aquí han revisado el contenido al menos una vez durante la historia del tema.
Divulgaciones
Las afiliaciones y divulgaciones de los revisores por pares se refieren al momento de la revisión.
Referencias
Artículos principales
Eber SW, Armbrust R, Schroter W. Variable clinical severity of hereditary spherocytosis: relation to erythrocytic spectrin concentration, osmotic fragility, and autohemolysis. J Pediatr. 1990 Sep;117(3):409-16. Resumen
Bolton-Maggs PH, Langer JC, Iolascon A, et al; General Haematology Task Force of the British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of hereditary spherocytosis - 2011 update. Br J Haematol. 2012 Jan;156(1):37-49.Texto completo Resumen
Perrotta S, Gallagher PG, Mohandas N. Hereditary spherocytosis. Lancet. 2008 Oct 18;372(9647):1411-26. Resumen
King MJ, Garçon L, Hoyer JD, et al. ICSH guidelines for the laboratory diagnosis of nonimmune hereditary red cell membrane disorders. Int J Lab Hematol. 2015 Jun;37(3):304-25.Texto completo Resumen
Iolascon A, Andolfo I, Barcellini W, et al. Recommendations regarding splenectomy in hereditary hemolytic anemias. Haematologica. 2017 Aug;102(8):1304-13.Texto completo Resumen
Davies JM, Lewis MP, Wimperis J, et al. Review of guidelines for the prevention and treatment of infection in patients with an absent or dysfunctional spleen: prepared on behalf of the British Committee for Standards in Haematology by a working party of the Haemato-Oncology task force. Br J Haematol. 2011 Nov;155(3):308-17.Texto completo Resumen
Artículos de referencia
Una lista completa de las fuentes a las que se hace referencia en este tema está disponible para los usuarios con acceso a todo BMJ Best Practice.
Diferenciales
- Nonhemolytic anemia
- Other causes of hemolytic anemia
- Other causes of spherocytosis
Más DiferencialesDiretrizes
- Recommendations regarding splenectomy in hereditary hemolytic anemias
- ICSH guidelines for the laboratory diagnosis of non-immune hereditary red cell membrane disorders
Más DiretrizesFolhetos informativos para os pacientes
Jaundice in newborn babies
Gallstones
Mais Folhetos informativos para os pacientes
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