Assessment of secondary amenorrhoea

Amenorrhoea is the transient or permanent absence of menstrual flow. It may be subdivided into primary and secondary presentations, relative to menarche: [1] Herman-Giddens ME, Slora EJ, Wasserman RC, et al. Secondary sexual characteristics and menses in young girls seen in office practice: a study from the Pediatric Research in Office Settings network. Pediatrics. 1997;99:505-512. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9093289?tool=bestpractice.com

• Primary amenorrhoea: lack of menses by age 15 years in a patient with appropriate development of secondary sexual characteristics, or absent menses by age 13 years and no other pubertal maturation

• Secondary amenorrhoea: lack of menses in a non-pregnant female for at least 3 cycles of her previous interval, or lack of menses for 6 months in a patient who was previously menstruating.

Although overlapping attributes exist between the two groups, the diagnostic approaches vary significantly. The prevalence of amenorrhoea is about 3% in women who have previously had regular menstrual periods. The prevalence is higher in college students (3% to 5%), competitive endurance athletes (5% to 60%), and ballet dancers (19% to 44%). [2] Kiningham RB, Apgar BS, Schwenk TL. Evaluation of amenorrhea. Am Fam Physician. 1996;53:1185-1194. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8629565?tool=bestpractice.com The prevalence of primary amenorrhoea in the US is <0.1%, compared with 4% for secondary amenorrhoea. [3] Timmreck LS, Reindollar RH. Contemporary issues in primary amenorrhea. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2003;30:287-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12836721?tool=bestpractice.com [4] Pettersson F, Fries H, Nillius SJ. Epidemiology of secondary amenorrhea: incidence and prevalence rates. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1973;117:80-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4722382?tool=bestpractice.com

Despite the low prevalence of secondary amenorrhoea, a prompt, comprehensive assessment is warranted unless the patient is pregnant, lactating, or using hormonal contraceptives, as amenorrhoea is often the presenting sign of an underlying reproductive disorder. A delay in diagnosis and treatment may adversely impact the future of such patients. For example, in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and hyperinsulinaemia, behavioural and dietary modifications may prevent subsequent cardiovascular disease. [5] Shroff R, Kerchner A, Maifeld M, et al. Young obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome have evidence of early coronary atherosclerosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:4609-4614. http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2007-1343 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17848406?tool=bestpractice.com