Transverse myelitis

Overview 
Theory 
Diagnosis 
Management 
Follow up 
Resources 

Última revisão: 7 Nov 2025

Última atualização: 12 Aug 2025

Transverse myelitis (TM) is a heterogeneous focal inflammatory disorder of the spinal cord characterized by acute or subacute development of motor weakness, sensory impairment, and autonomic dysfunction.

TM causes motor weakness, a sensory impairment below the lesions, and bowel and bladder dysfunction.

Clinical characteristics and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spinal cord classify TM into acute partial or longitudinally extensive variants.

The presence of TM is confirmed by lumbar puncture demonstrating increased white blood cell count and absence of infection, with or without spinal cord MRI revealing a cord lesion that enhances after gadolinium administration.

For people with a characteristic brain MRI, the acute partial variant suggests a high future risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS).

For people with aquaporin-4-IgG autoantibody seropositivity, the longitudinally extensive variant suggests a neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.

Therapy for acute symptoms includes intravenous corticosteroids or plasma exchange (plasmapheresis).

Preventive therapies include immunomodulatory drugs for acute partial TM in patients at high risk for MS.

Immunosuppressive therapies are used for longitudinally extensive TM in people at high risk for recurrent myelitis or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.

Definição

TM is a pathogenetically heterogeneous focal inflammatory disorder of the spinal cord characterized by acute or subacute development of motor weakness, sensory impairment, and autonomic dysfunction.[1][2] Magnetic resonance imaging of the spinal cord reveals a focal hyperintense lesion and cerebrospinal fluid usually shows pleocytosis.

The causes of TM are heterogeneous, but partial TM (asymmetric, short cord lesions) is typically associated with multiple sclerosis, whereas longitudinally extensive lesions suggest neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.[2][3][4][5]

História e exame físico

Principais fatores diagnósticos

age 10-19 or 30-39 years
motor weakness
paresthesias or sensory loss
bladder symptoms: urinary frequency, urgency, incontinence, or retention
bowel symptoms: incontinence or constipation
L'hermitte sign
McArdle sign
paroxysmal tonic spasms
upper motor neuron signs: hyperreflexia, positive Babinski sign, limb spasticity
sensory loss/sensory level
dyspnea/respiratory distress

Detalhes completos

Outros fatores diagnósticos

back pain
trunk/limb pain
areflexia/hyporeflexia
hiccups
nausea/vomiting

Detalhes completos

Fatores de risco

preceding infectious illness
recent vaccination
female sex
history of recent physical trauma
spinal injection

Detalhes completos

Investigações diagnósticas

Primeiras investigações a serem solicitadas

MRI spinal cord
MRI brain
serum aquaporin-4 autoantibodies and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantibodies
cerebrospinal fluid cell count, cell differential, protein level, IgG index, oligoclonal bands
cerebrospinal fluid Gram stain, cultures (bacterial, tubercular, fungal), and India ink smear
cerebrospinal fluid, polymerase chain reaction for herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, HSV-2, varicella zoster virus (VZV), Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and West Nile virus
cerebrospinal fluid Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test
serum anti-nuclear antibody, double-stranded DNA
extractable nuclear antigen (including SSA and SSB autoantibodies)
serum and cerebrospinal fluid paraneoplastic autoantibodies
other neural autoantibodies

Detalhes completos

Investigações a serem consideradas

serum and cerebrospinal fluid angiotensin-converting enzyme
CXR
CT body (chest, abdomen, and pelvis)
whole-body PET scan
cerebrospinal fluid cytology and flow cytometry
serology for herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, HSV-2, varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and West Nile virus
urinalysis
HIV antibodies
visual-evoked potential
optical coherence tomography
therapeutic trial with corticosteroid
spinal cord biopsy

Detalhes completos

Algoritmo de tratamento

AGUDA

acute neurologic deficits

CONTÍNUA

idiopathic transverse myelitis (TM)

at risk for multiple sclerosis (MS) (typical demyelinating lesions on MRI)

aquaporin-4 (AQP4) autoantibody seropositive

myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-IgG autoantibody seropositive

Colaboradores

Autores

Cristina Valencia-Sanchez, MD, PhD

Department of Neurology

Mayo Clinic

Scottsdale

Declarações

CVS declares that she has served on an advisory board for TG Therapeutics.

Agradecimentos

Dr Cristina Valencia-Sanchez would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Dean Wingerchuk, the previous contributor to this topic. DMW has received compensation from MedImmune for service on a clinical trial adjudication committee, from Caladrius for consulting services, and research support paid to Mayo Clinic from Alexion and TerumoBCT. DMW is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.

Revisores

Alireza Minagar, MD

Assistant Professor of Neurology

LSU Health Sciences Center

Shreveport

Declarações

AM declares that he has no competing interests.

Cory Toth, BSc, MD, FRCP(C)

Assistant Professor of Neurosciences

Hotchkiss Brain Institute

University of Calgary

Alberta

Canada

Declarações

CT declares that he has no competing interests.

Abhijit Chaudhuri, DM, MD, PhD, FACP, FRCP

Consultant Neurologist

Clinical Director of Neurosciences

Department of Neurology

Queen's Hospital

Romford

Declarações

AC declares that he has no competing interests.

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Referências

Nossas equipes internas de editoria e de evidências trabalham em conjunto com colaboradores internacionais especializados e pares revisores para garantir que forneçamos acesso às informações o mais clinicamente relevantes possível.

Principais artigos

Transverse Myelitis Consortium Working Group. Proposed diagnostic criteria and nosology of acute transverse myelitis. Neurology. 2002 Aug 27;59(4):499-505. Resumo

Expert Panel on Neurological Imaging, Agarwal V, Shah LM, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria® myelopathy: 2021 update. J Am Coll Radiol. 2021 May;18(5s):S73-82.Texto completo Resumo

Rae-Grant A, Day GS, Marrie RA, et al. Practice guideline recommendations summary: disease-modifying therapies for adults with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2018 Apr 24;90(17):777-88.Texto completo Resumo

Artigos de referência

Uma lista completa das fontes referenciadas neste tópico está disponível para os usuários com acesso total ao BMJ Best Practice.

Diagnósticos diferenciais
- Compressive myelopathy
- Infectious myelitis (e.g., tuberculosis)
- Anterior spinal artery occlusion
Mais Diagnósticos diferenciais
Diretrizes
- ACR appropriateness criteria: myelopathy
- Practice guideline: disease modifying therapies in adults with multiple sclerosis
Mais Diretrizes
Folhetos informativos para os pacientes
Multiple sclerosis
Mais Folhetos informativos para os pacientes
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Transverse myelitis

Resumo

Definição

História e exame físico

Principais fatores diagnósticos

Outros fatores diagnósticos

Fatores de risco

Investigações diagnósticas

Primeiras investigações a serem solicitadas

Investigações a serem consideradas

Algoritmo de tratamento

acute neurologic deficits

idiopathic transverse myelitis (TM)

at risk for multiple sclerosis (MS) (typical demyelinating lesions on MRI)

aquaporin-4 (AQP4) autoantibody seropositive

myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-IgG autoantibody seropositive

Colaboradores

Autores

Cristina Valencia-Sanchez, MD, PhD

Declarações

Agradecimentos

Revisores

Alireza Minagar, MD

Declarações

Cory Toth, BSc, MD, FRCP(C)

Declarações

Abhijit Chaudhuri, DM, MD, PhD, FACP, FRCP

Declarações

Créditos aos pareceristas

Declarações

Referências

Principais artigos

Artigos de referência

Uma lista completa das fontes referenciadas neste tópico está disponível para os usuários com acesso total ao BMJ Best Practice.

Diagnósticos diferenciais

Diretrizes

Folhetos informativos para os pacientes

Conectar-se ou assinar para acessar todo o BMJ Best Practice

Conectar-se ou assinar para acessar todo o BMJ Best Practice

Conectar-se para acessar todo o BMJ Best Practice