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Snoring

Last reviewed: 30 Nov 2025
Last updated: 19 Jan 2024

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • noisy breathing during sleep
  • apneas
  • choking or gasping
Full details

Other diagnostic factors

  • waking up tired
  • daytime somnolence
  • hyperactivity
  • behavioral problems
  • night terrors
  • enuresis
Full details

Risk factors

  • increasing age
  • male sex
  • obesity (BMI >30)
  • craniofacial abnormalities
  • endocrine disorders
  • neck circumference over 40 cm
  • sedating medications
  • adenotonsillar hypertrophy
  • long soft palate and uvula
  • alcohol consumption
  • Down syndrome
  • gastroesophageal reflux
  • active or passive smoking
  • abnormal epiglottis
  • hypopharyngeal cysts or tumors
  • rhinitis/nasal obstruction
  • asthma
Full details

Diagnostic tests

1st tests to order

  • nasal decongestant test
  • Epworth sleepiness score (ESS)
Full details

Tests to consider

  • snoring scale score
  • TFTs
  • growth hormone level
  • skin-prick tests/serum allergen-specific IgE tests
  • sleep study
  • acoustic analysis
  • pharyngeal manometry
  • sleep nasendoscopy
Full details

Emerging tests

  • head and neck 3-dimensional CT
  • head and neck MRI

Treatment algorithm

ONGOING

adult: without UARS or OSA

adult: with UARS or OSA

child: without concurrent indication for tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy

child: with concurrent indication for tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy

child: with UARS or OSA

Contributors

Authors

Nadia Ashraf, BMBS, BMedSci(Hon), DA, DOHNS, FRCS(ORL-HNS)

Specialty Registrar in Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery

Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust

Sheffield

UK

Disclosures

NA declares that she has no competing interests.

Showkat Mirza, BM, BS, BMedSci, FRCS(ORL-HNS)

Consultant in Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery

Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust

Sheffield

UK

Disclosures

SM declares that he has no competing interests.

Peer reviewers

Jayant Pinto, MD

Assistant Professor of Surgery

Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery

University of Chicago

Chicago

IL

Disclosures

JP declares that he has no competing interests.

Michael J. Hensley, MBBS, PhD, FRACP

Director

Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine

John Hunter Hospital

Professor and Head

School of Medicine and Public Health

Faculty of Health

The University of Newcastle

NSW

Australia

Declarações

MJH declares that he has no competing interests.

Créditos aos pareceristas

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Referências

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Principais artigos

Savage CR, Steward DL. Snoring: a critical analysis of current treatment modalities. Does anything really work? Curr Opinion Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007 Jun;15(3):177-9. Resumo

Kubba H. A child who snores. Clin Otolaryngol. 2006 Aug;31(4):317-8. Resumo

Fairbanks DNF, Mickelson SA, Woodson BT, eds. Snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2003.

Friedman M. Prognostic indicators for successful uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. Sleep. 2000;23:A268.

Artigos de referência

Uma lista completa das fontes referenciadas neste tópico está disponível para os usuários com acesso total ao BMJ Best Practice.
  • Snoring images
  • Diagnósticos diferenciais

    • Upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS)
    • Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
    • Stridor
    Mais Diagnósticos diferenciais
  • Diretrizes

    • International classification of sleep disorders - third edition, text revision (ICSD-3-TR)
    • Manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events
    Mais Diretrizes
  • Folhetos informativos para os pacientes

    Sleep apnea in adults (obstructive)

    Mais Folhetos informativos para os pacientes
  • Videos

    How to examine the nasal cavity

    Mais vídeos
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