Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presence of risk factors
- noisy breathing during sleep
- apnoeas
- choking or gasping
Other diagnostic factors
- waking up tired
- daytime somnolence
- hyperactivity
- behavioural problems
- night terrors
- enuresis
Risk factors
- increasing age
- male sex
- obesity (BMI >30)
- cranio-facial abnormalities
- endocrine disorders
- neck circumference above 40 cm
- sedating medications
- adenotonsillar hypertrophy
- long soft palate and uvula
- alcohol consumption
- Down's syndrome
- gastro-oesophageal reflux
- active or passive smoking
- abnormal epiglottis
- hypo-pharyngeal cysts or tumours
- rhinitis/nasal obstruction
- asthma
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- nasal decongestant test
- Epworth sleepiness score (ESS)
Investigations to consider
- snoring scale score
- TFTs
- growth hormone level
- allergy tests
- sleep study
- acoustic analysis
- pharyngeal manometry
- sleep nasendoscopy
Emerging tests
- head and neck 3-dimensional CT
- head and neck MRI
Treatment algorithm
adult: without UARS or OSA
adult: with UARS or OSA
child: without concurrent indication for tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy
child: with concurrent indication for tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy
child: with UARS or OSA
Contributors
Authors
Nadia Ashraf, BMBS, BMedSci(Hon), DA, DOHNS, FRCS(ORL-HNS)
Specialty Registrar in Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery
Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust
Sheffield
UK
Disclosures
NA declares that she has no competing interest.
Showkat Mirza, BM, BS, BMedSci, FRCS(ORL-HNS)
Consultant in Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery
Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust
Sheffield
UK
Disclosures
SM declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Jayant Pinto, MD
Assistant Professor of Surgery
Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
University of Chicago
Chicago
IL
Disclosures
JP declares that he has no competing interests.
Michael J. Hensley, MBBS, PhD, FRACP
Director
Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine
John Hunter Hospital
Professor and Head
School of Medicine and Public Health
Faculty of Health
The University of Newcastle
NSW
Australia
Disclosures
MJH declares that he has no competing interests.
Differentials
- Upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS)
- Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA)
- Stridor
More DifferentialsGuidelines
- Practice parameters for the treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea with oral appliances: an update for 2015
- Assessment of sleep-disordered breathing in childhood
More GuidelinesPatient leaflets
Sleep apnoea in adults (obstructive)
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