冻伤

McIntosh SE, Freer L, Grissom CK, et al. Wilderness Medical Society clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of frostbite: 2019 update. Wilderness Environ Med. 2019 Dec;30(4s):S19-32.全文  摘要

Rabold MB. Frostbite and other localized cold-related injuries. In: Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD, Stapczynski JS, et al. Tintinalli's emergency medicine: a comprehensive study guide. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2004.

Murphy JV, Banwell PE, Roberts AH, et al. Frostbite: pathogenesis and treatment. J Trauma. 2000 Jan;48(1):171-8. 摘要

Roche-Nagle G, Murphey D, Collins A, et al. Frostbite: management options. Eur J Emerg Med. 2008 Jun;15(3):173-5. 摘要

Kanzenbach TL, Dexter WW. Cold injuries: protecting your patients from the dangers of hypothermia and frostbite. Postgrad Med. 1999 Jan;105(1):72-8. 摘要

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4. McIntosh SE, Freer L, Grissom CK, et al. Wilderness Medical Society clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of frostbite: 2019 update. Wilderness Environ Med. 2019 Dec;30(4s):S19-32.全文  摘要

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8. Rabold MB. Frostbite and other localized cold-related injuries. In: Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD, Stapczynski JS, et al. Tintinalli's emergency medicine: a comprehensive study guide. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2004.

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11. Murphy JV, Banwell PE, Roberts AH, et al. Frostbite: pathogenesis and treatment. J Trauma. 2000 Jan;48(1):171-8. 摘要

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20. Fudge J. Preventing and managing hypothermia and frostbite injury. Sports Health. 2016 Mar-Apr;8(2):133-9.全文  摘要

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23. DeFranko MJ, Baker CL 3rd, DaSilva JJ, et al. Environmental issues for team physicians. Am J Sports Med. 2008 Nov;36(11):2226-37. 摘要

24. Su CW, Lohman R, Gottleib LJ. Frostbite of the upper extremity. Hand Clin. 2000 May;16(2):235-47. 摘要

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26. Barker JR, Haws MJ, Brown RE, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of severe frostbite. Ann Plast Surg. 1997 Mar;38(3):275-9. 摘要

27. Junila J, Kaarela O, Makarainen H, et al. Assessment of tissue viability by thermography after experimentally produced frostbite of the rabbit ear. Acta Radiol. 1993 Nov;34(6):622-4. 摘要

28. Vano-Galvan S, Martorell A. Chilblains. CMAJ. 2012 Jan 10;184(1):67.全文  摘要

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30. Sallis R, Chassay CM. Recognizing and treating common cold-induced injury in outdoor sports. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999 Oct;31(10):1367-73. 摘要

31. Fritz RL, Perrin DH. Cold exposure injuries: prevention and treatment. Clin Sports Med. 1989 Jan;8(1):111-28. 摘要

32. Biem J, Koehncke N, Classen D, et al. Out of the cold: management of hypothermia and frostbite. CMAJ. 2003 Feb 4;168(3):305-11.全文  摘要

33. Roche-Nagle G, Murphey D, Collins A, et al. Frostbite: management options. Eur J Emerg Med. 2008 Jun;15(3):173-5. 摘要

34. Bruen KJ, Ballard JR, Morris SE, et al. Reduction of the incidence of amputation in frostbite injury with thrombolytic therapy. Arch Surg. 2007 Jun;142(6):546-53.全文  摘要

35. Poulakidas S, Cologne K, Kowal-Vern A. Treatment of frostbite with subatmospheric pressure therapy. J Burn Care Res. 2008 Nov-Dec;29(6):1012-4. 摘要

36. Cauchy E, Chetaille E, Lefevre M, et al. The role of bone scanning in severe frostbite of the extremities: a retrospective study of 88 cases. Eur J Nucl Med. 2000 May;27(5):497-502. 摘要

37. Twomey JA, Peltier GL, Zera RT. An open-label study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tissue plasminogen activator in treatment of severe frostbite. J Trauma. 2005 Dec;59(6):1350-5. 摘要

38. Woo EK, Lee JW, Hur GY, et al. Proposed treatment protocol for frostbite: a retrospective analysis of 17 cases based on a 3-year single-institution experience. Arch Plast Surg. 2013 Sep;40(5):510-6.全文  摘要

39. Hallam MJ, Cubison T, Dheansa B, et al. Managing frostbite. BMJ. 2010 Nov 19;341:c5864. 摘要

40. Lindford A, Valtonen J, Hult M, et al. The evolution of the Helsinki frostbite management protocol. Burns. 2017 Nov;43(7):1455-63. 摘要

41. Taylor MS. Lumbar epidural sympathectomy for frostbite injuries of the feet. Mil Med. 1999 Aug;164(8):566-7. 摘要

42. Pasquier M, Ruffinen GZ, Brugger H, et al. Pre-hospital wrist block for digital frostbite injuries. High Alt Med Biol. 2012 Mar;13(1):65-6. 摘要

43. Calder K, Chung B, O'Brien C, et al. Bupivacaine digital blocks: how long is the pain relief and temperature elevation? Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013 May;131(5):1098-104. 摘要

44. Chandran GJ, Chung B, Lalonde J, et al. The hyperthermic effect of a distal volar forearm nerve block: a possible treatment of acute digital frostbite injuries? Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010 Sep;126(3):946-50. 摘要

45. Folio LR, Arkin K, Butler WP. Frostbite in a mountain climber treated with hyperbaric oxygen: case report. Mil Med. 2007 May;172(5):560-3. 摘要

46. von Heimburg D, Noah EM, Sieckmann UP, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment in deep frostbite of both hands in a boy. Burns. 2001 Jun;27(4):404-8. 摘要

47. Lansdorp CA, Roukema GR, Boonstra O, et al. Delayed treatment of frostbite with hyperbaric oxygen: a report of two cases. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2017 Jul-Aug;44(4):365-9. 摘要

48. Bilgiç S, Ozkan H, Ozenç S, et al. Treating frostbite. Can Fam Physician. 2008 Mar;54(3):361-3.全文  摘要

49. Purkayastha SS, Bhaumik G, Chauhen SK, et al. Immediate treatment of frostbite using rapid re-warming in tea decoction followed by combined therapy of pentoxyfylline, aspirin and vitamin C. Indian J Med Res. 2002 Jul;116:29-34. 摘要

50. Hayes DW Jr, Mandracchia VJ, Considine C, et al. Pentoxifylline: adjunctive therapy in the treatment of pedal frostbite. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2000 Oct;17(4):715-22. 摘要

51. Poole A, Gauthier J. Treatment of severe frostbite with iloprost in northern Canada. CMAJ. 2016 Dec 6;188(17-18):1255-8.全文  摘要

52. Norheim AJ, Mercer J, Musial F, et al. A new treatment for frostbite sequelae; Botulinum toxin. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2017;76(1):1273677.全文  摘要

53. Madry R, Struzyna J, Stachura-Kulach A, et al. Effectiveness of Suprathel® application in partial thickness burns, frostbites and Lyell syndrome treatment. Pol Przegl Chir. 2011 Oct;83(10):541-8. 摘要

54. Kanzenbach TL, Dexter WW. Cold injuries: protecting your patients from the dangers of hypothermia and frostbite. Postgrad Med. 1999 Jan;105(1):72-8. 摘要