手术前心脏风险评估和围手术期管理侧重于在恰当患者中识别、描述和治疗冠状动脉疾病(coronary artery disease, CAD)、左心室(left ventricular, LV)收缩功能障碍和严重心律失常。这些患者包括存在已知或疑似 CAD、心律失常、心力衰竭病史或现有符合这些疾病症状的患者。对于年龄 ≥50 岁的患者,需要采集更详细的病史,并进行更详尽的体格检查。
在美国,每年约有 2700 万患者接受非心脏外科手术。[1]Gregoratos G. Current guideline-based preoperative evaluation provides the best management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Circulation. 2008;117:3134-3144.
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/117/24/3134.full.pdf+html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18559713?tool=bestpractice.com
其中约 50,000 患者存在围手术期心肌梗死(myocardialinfarction, MI)。此外,每年 40,000 例围手术期死亡病例中,超过一半由心脏事件导致。[2]National Center for Health Statistics. Vital statistics of the United States: 1988, 3. DHHS pub no (PHS) 89-1232. Washington, DC: NCHS US Public Health Services; 1989:10-17,66,67,100,101. 大多数围手术期心脏并发症和心源性死亡与 MI、心力衰竭或心律失常有关。年龄>65岁的患者,心脏疾病的发病率、患病率和死亡风险更高。 考虑到这类人群数量未来将大幅增加,可以预见的是,在全球范围内,伴有较高围手术期心脏事件风险的非心脏外科手术患者数量必将增加。
个体术前心脏风险评估的目的包括:[3]Kristensen SD, Knuuti J, Saraste A, et al. 2014 ESC/ESA guidelines on non-cardiac surgery: cardiovascular assessment and management: The Joint Task Force on non-cardiac surgery: cardiovascular assessment and management of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA). Eur Heart J. 2014;35:2383-2431.
http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/ehj/35/35/2383.full.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25086026?tool=bestpractice.com
[4]Fleisher LA, Fleischmann KE, Auerbach AD, et al. 2014 ACC/AHA guideline on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e77-e137.
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/24/e278.full.pdf+html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25091544?tool=bestpractice.com
[5]Anderson JL, Antman EM, Harold JG, et al. Clinical practice guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation: collaborative efforts among the collaborative efforts among the ACC, AHA, and ESC. Circulation. 2014;130:2213-2214.
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/24/2213
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25085963?tool=bestpractice.com
评估的主要目标是:
评估性质应个体化,需要根据患者和特定临床情境决定。