在美国,每年约有 2700 万患者接受非心脏外科手术。[1]Gregoratos G. Current guideline-based preoperative evaluation provides the best management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Circulation. 2008;117:3134-3144.
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/117/24/3134.full.pdf+html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18559713?tool=bestpractice.com
其中约 50,000 患者存在围手术期心肌梗死(myocardialinfarction, MI)。此外,每年 40,000 例围手术期死亡病例中,超过一半由心脏事件导致。[2]National Center for Health Statistics. Vital statistics of the United States: 1988, 3. DHHS pub no (PHS) 89-1232. Washington, DC: NCHS US Public Health Services; 1989:10-17,66,67,100,101. 大多数围术期心脏并发症和死亡与 MI、心力衰竭或心律失常有关。年龄>65 岁的患者,心脏疾病、心脏并发症和死亡的风险更高。考虑到这类人群数量未来几十年将大幅增加,可以预见的是,在全球范围内,有显著围术期心脏事件风险的非心脏外科手术患者数量将增加。先天性心脏病患者,尤其是病变未修复或病变负担残留以及心血管状态受损的患者,也需要个体化的围术期管理。
手术前心脏风险评估和围术期管理侧重于在恰当患者中识别、描述和治疗冠状动脉疾病(coronary artery disease, CAD)、左心室(left ventricular, LV)收缩功能障碍和严重心律失常。美国心脏协会/美国心脏病学会(American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology, AHA/ACC)成人先天性心脏病管理指南建议采用分步法进行术前心脏评估,但目前尚无针对接受非心脏手术的先天性心脏病儿童的全面围手术期诊疗指南。[3]Stout KK, Daniels CJ, Aboulhosn JA, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019 Apr 2;139(14):e698-800.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000603
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30586767?tool=bestpractice.com
[4]Nasr VG, Markham LW, Clay M, et al. Perioperative considerations for pediatric patients with congenital heart disease presenting for noncardiac procedures: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2023 Jan;16(1):e000113.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/HCQ.0000000000000113
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36519439?tool=bestpractice.com
存在已知或疑似 CAD、心律失常、心力衰竭病史或现有符合这些疾病症状的患者,也应接受评估。对于年龄≥50 岁者,需要采集更详细的病史,并进行更详尽的体格检查。
个体术前心脏风险评估的目的包括:[5]Halvorsen S, Mehilli J, Cassese S, et al. 2022 ESC guidelines on cardiovascular assessment and management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J. 2022 Oct 14;43(39):3826-924.
https://www.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac270
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36017553?tool=bestpractice.com
[6]Fleisher LA, Fleischmann KE, Auerbach AD, et al. 2014 ACC/AHA guideline on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e77-e137.
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/24/e278.full.pdf+html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25091544?tool=bestpractice.com
[7]Anderson JL, Antman EM, Harold JG, et al. Clinical practice guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation: collaborative efforts among the collaborative efforts among the ACC, AHA, and ESC. Circulation. 2014;130:2213-2214.
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/24/2213
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25085963?tool=bestpractice.com
评估的主要目标是:
评估性质应个体化,需要根据患者和特定临床情境决定。