胆石症（胆结石）

European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). EASL clinical practice guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol. 2016 Jul;65(1):146-81.全文  摘要

Gurusamy KS, Davidson C, Gluud C, et al. Early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for people with acute cholecystitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 30;(6):CD005440.全文  摘要

1. Diehl AK. Epidemiology and natural history of gallstone disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1991 Mar;20(1):1-19. 摘要

2. Williams CI, Shaffer EA. Gallstone disease: current therapeutic practice. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2008 Apr;11(2):71-7. 摘要

3. Stinton LM, Shaffer EA. Epidemiology of gallbladder disease: cholelithiasis and cancer. Gut Liver. 2012 Apr;6(2):172-87.全文  摘要

4. Everhart JE, Yeh F, Lee ET, et al. Prevalence of gallbladder disease in American Indian populations: findings from the Strong Heart Study. Hepatology. 2002 Jun;35(6):1507-12. 摘要

5. Sun H, Tang H, Jiang S, et al. Gender and metabolic differences of gallstone diseases. World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Apr 21;15(15):1886-91.全文  摘要

6. Shaffer EA. Gallstone disease: epidemiology of gallbladder stone disease. Best Prac Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20(6):981-96. 摘要

7. Ansari-Moghaddam A, Khorram A, Miri-Bonjar M, et al. The prevalence and risk factors of gallstone among adults in south-east of Iran: a population-based study. Glob J Health Sci. 2015 Jul 30;8(4):60-7.全文  摘要

8. Attili AF, Carulli N, Roda E, et al. Epidemiology of gallstone disease in Italy: prevalence data of the Multicenter Italian Study on Cholelithiasis (M.I.COL.). Am J Epidemiol. 1995 Jan 15;141(2):158-65. 摘要

9. Freidman GD, Raviola CA, Fireman B. Prognosis of gallstones with mild or no symptoms: 25 years of follow-up in a health maintenance organization. J Clin Epidemiol. 1989;42(2):127-36. 摘要

10. Gracie WA, Ransohoff DF. The natural history of silent gallstones: the innocent gallstone is not a myth. N Engl J Med. 1982 Sep 23;307(13):798-800. 摘要

11. McSherry CK, Ferstenberg H, Calhoun WF, et al. The natural history of diagnosed gallstone disease in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Ann Surg. 1985 Jul;202(1):59-63. 摘要

12. Abraham S, Rivero HG, Erlikh IV, et al. Surgical and nonsurgical management of gallstones. Am Fam Physician. 2014 May 15;89(10):795-802. 摘要

13. Friedman GD. Natural history of asymptomatic and symptomatic gallstones. Am J Surg. 1993 Apr;165(4):399-404. 摘要

14. Cullen KA, Hall MJ, Golosinskiy A. Ambulatory surgery in the United States, 2006. Natl Health Stat Report. 2009 Jan 28;(11):1-25. 摘要

15. Di Ciaula A, Portincasa P. Recent advances in understanding and managing cholesterol gallstones. F1000Res. 2018, 7(F1000 Faculty Rev):1529.全文  摘要

16. Völzke H, Baumeister SE, Alte D, et al. Independent risk factors for gallstone formation in a region with high cholelithiasis prevalence. Digestion. 2005;71(2):97-105. 摘要

17. Nakeeb A, Comuzzie AG, Martin L, et al. Gallstones: genetics versus environment. Ann Surg. 2002 Jun;235(6):842-9. 摘要

18. Katsika D, Grjibovski A, Einarsson C, et al. Genetic and environmental influences on symptomatic gallstone disease: a Swedish study of 43,141 twin pairs. Hepatology. 2005 May;41(5):1138-43. 摘要

19. Ferkingstad E, Oddsson A, Gretarsdottir S, et al. Genome-wide association meta-analysis yields 20 loci associated with gallstone disease. Nat Commun. 2018 Nov 30;9(1):5101.全文  摘要

20. Venneman NG, Buskens E, Besselink MG, et al. Small gallstones are associated with increased risk of acute pancreatitis: potential benefits of prophylactic cholecystectomy? Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 Nov;100(11):2540-50. 摘要

21. Venneman NG, Renooij W, Rehfeld JF, et al. Small gallstones, preserved gallbladder motility, and fast crystallization are associated with pancreatitis. Hepatology. 2005 Apr;41(4):738-46.全文  摘要

22. Sugiyama M, Atomi Y. Risk factors for acute biliary pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004 Aug;60(2):210-2. 摘要

23. Novacek G. Gender and gallstone disease. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2006 Oct;156(19-20):527-33. 摘要

24. Carey MC, Paigen B. Epidemiology of the American Indians' burden and its likely genetic origins. Hepatology. 2002 Oct;36(4 Pt 1):781-91. 摘要

25. Nervi F, Miquel JF, Marshall G. The Amerindian epidemics of cholesterol gallstones: the North and South connection. Hepatology. 2003 Apr;37(4):947-8. 摘要

26. Krawczyk M, Wang DQ, Portincasa P, et al. Dissecting the genetic heterogeneity of gallbladder stone formation. Semin Liver Dis. 2011 May;31(2):157-72. 摘要

27. Joshi AD, Andersson C, Buch S, et al. Four susceptibility loci for gallstone disease identified in a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. Gastroenterology. 2016 Aug;151(2):351-63.全文  摘要

28. Ko CW, Beresford SA, Schulte SJ, et al. Incidence, natural history, and risk factors for biliary sludge and stones during pregnancy. Hepatology. 2005 Feb;41(2):359-65. 摘要

29. Wang S, Wang Y, Xu J, et al. Is the oral contraceptive or hormone replacement therapy a risk factor for cholelithiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Apr;96(14):e6556.全文  摘要

30. Stampfer MJ, Maclure KM, Colditz GA, et al. Risk of symptomatic gallstones in women with severe obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 Mar;55(3):652-8. 摘要

31. Amaral JF, Thompson WR. Gallbladder disease in the morbidly obese. Am J Surg. 1985 Apr;149(4):551-7. 摘要

32. Aune D, Vatten LJ. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of gallbladder disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Diabetes Complications. 2016 Mar;30(2):368-73. 摘要

33. Noel RA, Braun DK, Patterson RE, et al. Increased risk of acute pancreatitis and biliary disease observed in patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2009 May;32(5):834-8. 摘要

34. Jaruvongvanich V, Sanguankeo A, Upala S. Significant association between gallstone disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2016 Aug;61(8):2389-96. 摘要

35. Shiffman ML, Sugerman HJ, Kellum JM, et al. Gallstone formation after rapid weight loss: a prospective study in patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery for treatment of morbid obesity. Am J Gastroenterol. 1991 Aug;86(8):1000-5. 摘要

36. Stolk MF, van Erpecum KJ, Koppeschaar HP, et al. Postprandial gall bladder motility and hormone release during intermittent and continuous subcutaneous octreotide treatment in acromegaly. Gut. 1993 Jun;34(6):808-13.全文  摘要

37. Faillie JL, Yu OH, Yin H, et al. Association of bile duct and gallbladder diseases with the use of incretin-based drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Oct 1;176(10):1474-81. 摘要

38. Becker CD, Fischer RA. Acute cholecystitis caused by ceftriaxone stones in an adult. Case Rep Med. 2009 Apr 26;2009:132452.全文  摘要

39. Parente F, Pastore L, Bargiggia S, et al. Incidence and risk factors for gallstones in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a large case-control study. Hepatology. 2007 May;45(5):1267-74. 摘要

40. Vítek L, Carey MC. Enterohepatic cycling of bilirubin as a cause of 'black' pigment gallstones in adult life. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003 Sep;33(9):799-810.全文  摘要

41. Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, et al. Central adiposity, regional fat distribution, and the risk of cholecystectomy in women. Gut. 2006 May;55(5):708-14. 摘要

42. Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, et al. Dietary carbohydrates and glycaemic load and the incidence of symptomatic gallstone disease in men. Gut. 2005 Jun;54(6):823-8. 摘要

43. Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, et al. Glycemic load, glycemic index, and carbohydrate intake in relation to risk of cholecystectomy in women. Gastroenterology. 2005 Jul;129(1):105-12. 摘要

44. Zhang JW, Xiong JP, Xu WY, et al. Fruits and vegetables consumption and the risk of gallstone diasease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Jul;98(28):e16404.全文  摘要

45. Cen L, Pan J, Zhou B, et al. Helicobacter Pylori infection of the gallbladder and the risk of chronic cholecystitis and cholelithiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter. 2018 Feb;23(1):e12457.全文  摘要

46. Stokes CS, Gluud LL, Casper M, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid and diets higher in fat prevent gallbladder stones during weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Jul;12(7):1090-100.e2全文  摘要

47. Aune D, Leitzmann M, Vatten LJ. Physical activity and the risk of gallbladder disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Phys Act Health. 2016 Jul;13(7):788-95. 摘要

48. European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). EASL clinical practice guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol. 2016 Jul;65(1):146-81.全文  摘要

49. Zhang YP, Zhao YL, Sun YL, et al. Physical activity and the risk of gallstone disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2017 Oct;51(9):857-68. 摘要

50. Venneman NG, Besselink MG, Keulemans YC, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid exerts no beneficial effect in patients with symptomatic gallstones awaiting cholecystectomy. Hepatology. 2006 Jun;43(6):1276-83. 摘要

51. Singer AJ, McCracken G, Henry MC, et al.Correlation among clinical, laboratory, and hepatobiliary scanning findings in patients with suspected acute cholecystitis. Ann Emerg Med. 1996 Sep;28(3):267-72. 摘要

52. Tenner S, Baillie J, DeWitt J, et al. American College of Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013 Jul 30;108(9):1400-15.全文  摘要

53. American Society for Clinical Pathology. Choosing wisely: testing for amylase. Sep 2016 [internet publication].全文

54. Rompianesi G, Hann A, Komolafe O, et al. Serum amylase and lipase and urinary trypsinogen and amylase for diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Apr 21;4:CD012010.全文  摘要

55. Ross M, Brown M, McLaughlin K, et al. Emergency physician-performed ultrasound to diagnose cholelithiasis: a systematic review. Acad Emerg Med. 2011 Mar;18(3):227-35. 摘要

56. Pinto A, Reginelli A, Cagini L, et al. Accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of acute calculous cholecystitis: review of the literature. Crit Ultrasound J. 2013 Jul 15;5 Suppl 1:S11.全文  摘要

57. Romagnuolo J, Bardou M, Rahme E, et al. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: a meta-analysis of test performance in suspected biliary disease. Ann Intern Med. 2003 Oct 7;139(7):547-57. 摘要

58. Kondo S, Isayama H, Akahane M, et al. Detection of common bile duct stones: comparison between endoscopic ultrasonography, magnetic resonance cholangiography, and helical-computed-tomographic cholangiography. Eur J Radiol. 2005 May;54(2):271-5. 摘要

59. Karakan T, Cindoruk M, Alagozlu H, et al. EUS versus endoscopic retrograde cholangiography for patients with intermediate probability of bile duct stones: a prospective randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009 Feb;69(2):244-52. 摘要

60. Janssen J, Halboos A, Greiner L. EUS accurately predicts the need for therapeutic ERCP in patients with a low probability of biliary obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008 Sep;68(3):470-6. 摘要

61. Lee YT, Chan FK, Leung WK, et al. Comparison of EUS and ERCP in the investigation with suspected biliary obstruction caused by choledocholithiasis: a randomized study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008 Apr;67(4):660-8. 摘要

62. Liu CL, Fan ST, Lo CM, et al. Comparison of early endoscopic ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the management of acute biliary pancreatitis: a prospective randomized study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Dec;3(12):1238-44. 摘要

63. Polkowski M, Regula J, Tilszer A, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound versus endoscopic retrograde cholangiography for patients with intermediate probability of bile duct stones: a randomized trial comparing two management strategies. Endoscopy. 2007 Apr;39(4):296-303. 摘要

64. Meeralam Y, Al-Shammari K, Yaghoobi M. Diagnostic accuracy of EUS compared with MRCP in detecting choledocholithiasis: a meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy in head-to-head studies. Gastrointest Endosc. 2017 Jun 20;86(6):986-93. 摘要

65. Zhang J, Li NP, Huang BC, et al. The value of performing early non-enhanced CT in developing strategies for treating acute gallstone pancreatitis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2016 Mar;20(3):604-10. 摘要

66. Miquel JF, Covarrubias C, Villaroel L, et al. Genetic epidemiology of cholesterol cholelithiasis among Chilean Hispanics, Amerindians, and Maoris. Gastroenterology. 1998 Oct;115(4):937-46. 摘要

67. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: right upper quadrant pain. 2018 [internet publication].全文

68. ASGE Standards of Practice Committee., Buxbaum JL, Abbas Fehmi SM, et al. ASGE guideline on the role of endoscopy in the evaluation and management of choledocholithiasis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2019 Jun;89(6):1075-105.e15.全文  摘要

69. Cotton PB, Durkalski V, Romagnuolo J, et al. Effect of endoscopic sphincterotomy for suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction on pain-related disability following cholecystectomy: the EPISOD randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014 May;311(20):2101-9.全文  摘要

70. Philip Rothman J, Burcharth J, Pommergaard HC, et al. Preoperative risk factors for conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy to open surgery - a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Dig Surg. 2016;33(5):414-23.全文  摘要

71. Keus F, de Jong JA, Gooszen HG, et al. Laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy for patients with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD006231.全文  摘要

72. Johnson AG, Hosking SW. Appraisal of the management of bile duct stones. Br J Surg. 1987 Jul;74(7):555-60. 摘要

73. Caddy GR, Tham TC. Gallstone disease: symptoms, diagnosis, and endoscopic management of common bile duct stones. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20(6):1085-101. 摘要

74. McHenry L, Lehman G. Difficult bile duct stones. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2006 Apr;9(2):123-32. 摘要

75. Chung JW, Chung JB. Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation for removal of choledocholithiasis: indications, advantages, complications, and long-term follow-up results. Gut Liver. 2011 Mar;5(1):1-14.全文  摘要

76. da Costa DW, Schepers NJ, Römkens TE, et al. Endoscopic sphincterotomy and cholecystectomy in acute biliary pancreatitis. Surgeon. 2016 Apr;14(2):99-108. 摘要

77. Friis C, Rothman JP, Burcharth J, et al. Optimal timing for laparoscopic cholecystectomy after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a systematic review. Scand J Surg. 2018 Jun;107(2):99-106.全文  摘要

78. Vettoretto N, Arezzo A, Famiglietti F, et al. Laparoscopic-endoscopic rendezvous versus preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy in people undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy for stones in the gallbladder and bile duct. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Apr 11;4:CD010507.全文  摘要

79. Schacher FC, Giongo SM, Teixeira FJP, et al. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography versus surgery for choledocholithiasis: a meta-analysis. Ann Hepatol. 2019 Jul-Aug;18(4):595-600.全文  摘要

80. Iranmanesh P, Frossard JL, Mugnier-Konrad B, et al. Initial cholecystectomy vs sequential common duct endoscopic assessment and subsequent cholecystectomy for suspected gallstone migration: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014 Jul;312(2):137-44.全文  摘要

81. Costamagna G, Tringali A, Shah SK. Long-term follow-up of patients after endoscopic sphincterotomy for choledocholithiasis and risk factors for recurrence. Endoscopy. 2002 Apr;34(4):273-9. 摘要

82. Sugiyama M, Atomi Y. Risk factors predictive of late complications after endoscopic sphincterotomy for bile duct stones: long-term (more than 10 years) follow-up study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Nov;97(11):2763-7. 摘要

83. Sugiyama M, Suzuki Y, Abe N, et al. Endoscopic retreatment of recurrent choledocholithiasis after sphincterotomy. Gut. 2004 Dec;53(12):1856-9.全文  摘要

84. Alobaidi M, Gupta R, Jafri SZ, et al. Current trends in imaging evaluation of acute cholecystitis. Emerg Radiol. 2004 Mar 17;10(5):256-8. 摘要

85. Kalimi R, Gecelter GR, Caplin D, et al. Diagnosis of acute cholecystitis: sensitivity of sonography, cholescintigraphy, and combined sonography-cholescintigraphy. J Am Coll Surg. 2001 Dec;193(6):609-13. 摘要

86. Gurusamy KS, Davidson C, Gluud C, et al. Early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for people with acute cholecystitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 30;(6):CD005440.全文  摘要

87. Leung JW. Does the addition of endoscopic sphincterotomy to stent insertion improve drainage of the bile duct in acute suppurative cholangitis? Gastrointest Endosc. 2003 Oct;58(4):570-2. 摘要

88. Congly S, Shaffer EA. Acute cholangitis: risk factors, diagnosis and treatment. Adv Med Biol. 2012;45:147-62.

89. van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG, de Vries AC, et al. Early endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in predicted severe acute biliary pancreatitis: a prospective multicenter study. Ann Surg. 2009 Jul;250(1):68-75. 摘要

90. Dumonceau JM, Devière J. Novel treatment options for Bouveret's syndrome: a comprehensive review of 61 cases of successful endoscopic treatment. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Nov;10(11):1245-55. 摘要

91. Cheng CL, Sherman S, Watkins JL, et al. Risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis: a prospective multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jan;101(1):139-47. 摘要

92. Elmunzer BJ, Scheiman JM, Lehman GA, et al. A randomized trial of rectal indomethacin to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 2012 Apr 12;366(15):1414-22.全文  摘要

93. Barkun AN, Rezeig M, Mehta SN, et al. Postcholecystectomy biliary leaks in the laparoscopic era: risk factors, presentation, and management. McGill Gallstone Treatment Group. Gastrointest Endosc. 1997 Mar;45(3):277-82. 摘要

94. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al; European Association for Endoscopic Surgery. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: the clinical practice guidelines of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES). Surg Endosc. 2012 Nov;26(11):3003-39. 摘要

95. Leung JW, Chan FK, Sung JJ, et al. Endoscopic sphincterotomy-induced hemorrhage: a study of risk factors and the role of epinephrine injection. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995 Dec;42(6):550-4. 摘要

96. Nelson DB, Freeman ML. Major hemorrhage from endoscopic sphincterotomy: risk factor analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1994Dec;19(4):283-7. 摘要