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National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Faecal incontinence in adults: management. Jun 2007 [internet publication].全文

Bordeianou LG, ​Thorsen AJ, Keller DS, et al. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons clinical practice guidelines for the management of fecal incontinence. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum. 2023 May;66(5):647-61.全文

Arasaradnam RP, Brown S, Forbes A, et al. Guidelines for the investigation of chronic diarrhoea in adults: British Society of Gastroenterology, 3rd edition. Gut. 2018 Aug;67(8):1380-99.全文  摘要

Thaha MA, Abukar AA, Thin NN, et al. Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence and constipation in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Aug 24;(8):CD004464.全文  摘要

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42. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Comparative effectiveness review number 165: treatments for fecal incontinence. Mar 2021 [internet publication].全文

43. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Peristeen transanal irrigation system for managing bowel dysfunction. Jun 2022 [internet publication].全文

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55. Matzel KE. Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence: its role in the treatment algorithm. Colorectal Dis. 2011 Mar;13(suppl 2):10-4. 摘要

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58. Dudding TC, Hollingshead JR, Nicholls RJ, et al. Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence: optimizing outcome and managing complications. Colorectal Dis. 2011 Aug;13(8):e196-202. 摘要

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61. Thaha MA, Abukar AA, Thin NN, et al. Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence and constipation in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Aug 24;(8):CD004464.全文  摘要

62. O'Brien PE, Dixon JB, Skinner S, et al. A prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial of placement of the artificial bowel sphincter (Acticon Neosphincter) for the control of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004 Nov;47(11):1852-60. 摘要

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88. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Endoscopic radiofrequency therapy of the anal sphincter for faecal incontinence. May 2011 [internet publication].全文

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91. George AT, Kalmar K, Sala S, et al. Randomized controlled trial of percutaneous versus transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation in faecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 2013 Feb;100(3):330-8. 摘要

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99. Sugrue J, Lehur PA, Madoff RD, et al. Long-term experience of magnetic anal sphincter augmentation in patients with fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2017 Jan;60(1):87-95. 摘要

100. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Insertion of a magnetic-bead band for faecal incontinence. Mar 2014 [internet publication].全文

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