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O'Donoghue DH. An analysis of end results of surgical treatment of major injuries to the ligaments of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg. 1955 Jan;37-A(1):1-13. 摘要

American Medical Association, Committee on the Medical Aspects of Sports. Standard nomenclature of athletic injuries. Physical Therapy. 1969 Nov;49(11):1323.全文

Fetto JF, Marshall JL. Medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee: a rationale for treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978 May;(132):206-18. 摘要

Warren RF, Marshall JL. Injuries of the anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments of the knee. A long-term follow-up of 86 cases - part II. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978 Oct;(136):198-211. 摘要

Phisitkul P, James SL, Wolf BR, et al. MCL injuries of the knee: current concepts review. Iowa Orthop J. 2006 Feb;26:77-90.全文  摘要

Wijdicks CA, Griffith CJ, Johansen S, et al. Injuries to the medial collateral ligament and associated medial structures of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010 May;92(5):1266-80. 摘要

Halinen J, Lindahl J, Hirvensalo E, et al. Operative and nonoperative treatments of medial collateral ligament rupture with early anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective randomized study. Am J Sports Med. 2006 Jul;34(7):1134-40. 摘要

Marchant MH Jr, Tibor LM, Sekiya JK, et al. Management of medial-sided knee injuries, part 1: medial collateral ligament. Am J Sports Med. 2011 May;39(5):1102-13. 摘要

Giannotti BF, Rudy T, Graziano J. The non-surgical management of isolated medial collateral injuries of the knee. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2006 Jun;14(2):74-7. 摘要

1. O'Donoghue DH. An analysis of end results of surgical treatment of major injuries to the ligaments of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg. 1955 Jan;37-A(1):1-13. 摘要

2. American Medical Association, Committee on the Medical Aspects of Sports. Standard nomenclature of athletic injuries. Physical Therapy. 1969 Nov;49(11):1323.全文

3. Makhmalbaf H, Shahpari O. Medial collateral ligament injury; a new classification based on MRI and clinical findings. A guide for patient selection and early surgical intervention. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2018 Jan;6(1):3-7.全文  摘要

4. Slocum DB, Larson RL, James SL. Late reconstruction procedures used to stabilize the knee. Orthop Clin North Am. 1973 Jul;4(3):679-89. 摘要

5. Fetto JF, Marshall JL. Medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee: a rationale for treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978 May;(132):206-18. 摘要

6. Hughston JC, Barrett GR. Acute anteromedial rotator instability. Long-term results of surgical repair. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1983 Feb;65(2):145-53. 摘要

7. Warren RF, Marshall JL. Injuries of the anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments of the knee. A long-term follow-up of 86 cases - part II. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978 Oct;(136):198-211. 摘要

8. Abbot LC, Saunders JB, Bost FC, et al. Injuries to ligaments of the knee joint. J Bone Joint Surg. 1944 Jul 1;26:503-21.

9. Andrews K, Lu A, Mckean L, et al. Review: Medial collateral ligament injuries. J Orthop. 2017 Aug 15;14(4):550-54.全文  摘要

10. Meyers MC, Barnhill BS. Incidence, causes, and severity of high school football injuries on FieldTurf versus natural grass: a 5-year prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 2004 Oct-Nov;32(7):1626-38. 摘要

11. Paletta GA, Warren RF. Knee injuries and alpine skiing. Treatment and rehabilitation. Sports Med. 1994 Jun;17(6):411-23. 摘要

12. Dallalana RJ, Brooks JH, Kemp SP, et al. The epidemiology of knee injuries in English professional rugby union. Am J Sports Med. 2007 May;35(5):818-30. 摘要

13. Gardiner JC, Weiss JA, Rosenberg TD. Strain in the human medial collateral ligament during valgus loading of the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001 Oct;(391):266-74. 摘要

14. Weiss JA, Woo SL, Ohland KJ, et al. Evaluation of a new injury model to study medial collateral ligament healing: primary repair versus nonoperative treatment. J Orthop Res. 1991 Jul;9(4):516-28. 摘要

15. Hughston JC, Andrews JR, Cross MJ, et al. Classification of knee ligament instabilities. Part I. The medial compartment and cruciate ligaments. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976 Mar;58(2):159-72. 摘要

16. Edson CJ. Conservative and postoperative rehabilitation of isolated and combined injuries of the medial collateral ligament. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2006 Jun;14(2):105-10. 摘要

17. Jacobson KE, Chi FS. Evaluation and treatment of medial collateral ligament and medial-sided injuries of the knee. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2006 Jun;14(2):58-66. 摘要

18. Phisitkul P, James SL, Wolf BR, et al. MCL injuries of the knee: current concepts review. Iowa Orthop J. 2006 Feb;26:77-90.全文  摘要

19. Indelicato P, Linton R. Medial ligament injuries in the adult. In: DeLee J, Drez, D, Miller MD, eds. DeLee & Drez's orthopaedic sports medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2003:1938-19.

20. Garvin GJ, Munk PL, Vellet AD. Tears of the medial collateral ligament: magnetic resonance imaging findings and associated injuries. Can Assoc Radiol J. 1993 Jun;44(3):199-204. 摘要

21. Sims WF, Jacobson KE. The posteromedial corner of the knee: medial-sided injury patterns revisited. Am J Sports Med. 2004 Mar;32(2):337-45. 摘要

22. Donaldson WF 3rd, Warren RF, Wickiewicz T. A comparison of acute anterior cruciate ligament examinations. Initial versus examination under anesthesia. Am J Sports Med. 1985 Jan-Feb;13(1):5-10. 摘要

23. Laprade RF, Bernhardson AS, Griffith CJ, et al. Correlation of valgus stress radiographs with medial knee ligament injuries: an in vitro biomechanical study. Am J Sports Med. 2010 Feb;38(2):330-8. 摘要

24. Lee D, Bouffard JA. Ultrasound of the knee. Eur J Ultrasound. 2001 Oct;14(1):57-71. 摘要

25. Meyer P, Reiter A, Akoto​ R, et al. Imaging of the medial collateral ligament of the knee: a systematic review. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2022 Dec;142(12):3721-36.全文  摘要

26. Shelbourne KD, Martini DJ, McCarroll JR, et al. Correlation of joint line tenderness and meniscal lesions in patients with acute anterior cruciate ligament tears. Am J Sports Med. 1995 Mar-Apr;23(2):166-9. 摘要

27. Bussieres AE, Taylor JA, Peterson C. Diagnostic imaging practice guidelines for musculoskeletal complaints in adults - an evidence-based approach. Part 1. Lower extremity disorders. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2007 Nov-Dec;30(9):684-717. 摘要

28. Corea JR, Moussa M, al Othman A. McMurray's test tested. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1994;2(2):70-2. 摘要

29. Logerstedt DS, Snyder-Mackler L, Ritter RC, et al. Knee stability and movement coordination impairments: knee ligament sprain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2010 Apr;40(4):A1-A37.全文  摘要

30. Rue JPH, Lewis PB, Detterline AJ, et al. Minimally invasive medial collateral ligament reconstruction using Achilles tendon allograft. Tech Knee Surg. 2007;6:266-73.

31. Azar FM. Evaluation and treatment of chronic medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2006 Jun;14(2):84-90. 摘要

32. Mook WR, Miller MD, Diduch DR, et al. Multiple-ligament knee injuries: a systematic review of the timing of operative intervention and postoperative rehabilitation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009 Dec;91(12):2946-57. 摘要

33. Woo SL, Young EP, Ohland KJ, et al. The effects of transaction of the anterior cruciate ligament on healing of the medial collateral ligament: a biomechanical study of the knee in dogs. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990 Mar;72(3):382-92. 摘要

34. Wijdicks CA, Griffith CJ, Johansen S, et al. Injuries to the medial collateral ligament and associated medial structures of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010 May;92(5):1266-80. 摘要

35. Halinen J, Lindahl J, Hirvensalo E, et al. Operative and nonoperative treatments of medial collateral ligament rupture with early anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective randomized study. Am J Sports Med. 2006 Jul;34(7):1134-40. 摘要

36. Marchant MH Jr, Tibor LM, Sekiya JK, et al. Management of medial-sided knee injuries, part 1: medial collateral ligament. Am J Sports Med. 2011 May;39(5):1102-13. 摘要

37. Grant JA, Tannenbaum E, Miller BS, et al. Treatment of combined complete tears of the anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments. Arthroscopy. 2012 Jan;28(1):110-22. 摘要

38. Levy BA, Dajani KA, Whelan DB, et al. Decision making in the multiligament-injured knee: an evidence-based systematic review. Arthroscopy. 2009 Apr;25(4):430-8. 摘要

39. Peskun CJ, Whelan DB. Outcomes of operative and nonoperative treatment of multiligament knee injuries: an evidence-based review. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2011 Jun;19(2):167-73. 摘要

40. Giannotti BF, Rudy T, Graziano J. The non-surgical management of isolated medial collateral injuries of the knee. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2006 Jun;14(2):74-7. 摘要

41. Lundberg M, Messner K. Ten-year prognosis of isolated and combined medial collateral ligament ruptures: a matched comparison in 40 patients using clinical and radiographic evaluations. Am J Sports Med. 1997 Jan-Feb;25(1):2-6. 摘要

42. Lundberg M, Messner K. Long-term prognosis of isolated partial medial collateral ligament ruptures: a ten-year clinical and radiographic evaluation of a prospectively observed group of patients. Am J Sports Med. 1996 Mar-Apr;24(2):160-3. 摘要