头痛在儿童较为常见,从幼儿至青春期发病率逐渐增高。 此类疾病占据了儿童急诊科就诊量的0.7%至1.3%[1]Kan L, Nagelberg J, Maytal J. Headaches in a pediatric emergency department: etiology, imaging, and treatment. Headache. 2000 Jan;40(1):25-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10759899?tool=bestpractice.com
[2]Burton LJ, Quinn B, Pratt-Cheney JL, et al. Headache etiology in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1997 Feb;13(1):1-4.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9061724?tool=bestpractice.com
头痛可以分为原发性和继发性[3]Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). The international classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia.2018 Jan;38(1):1-211.
https://www.ichd-3.org
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29368949?tool=bestpractice.com
原发性头痛包括偏头痛、紧张性头痛、丛集性头痛以及新型每日持续性头痛。 继发性头痛是潜在颅内疾病或其他需要治疗的疾病的症状。 急性头痛的初始评估旨在明确患者是否存在(需要紧急处理的)头痛继发性原因。
临床分类
头痛可以按病程分类
急性头痛
急性反复发作的头痛
慢性进展性头痛
头痛逐渐进展。
提示颅内病变在扩张。
在儿童脑肿瘤患者中,62%患者确诊前会有头痛症状,98%患者会有至少一项的神经症状或者临床检查异常。[4]The Childhood Brain Tumor Consortium. The epidemiology of headache among children with brain tumor: headache in children with brain tumors. J Neurooncol. 1991 Feb;10(1):31-46.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2022972?tool=bestpractice.com
最常见的症状包括恶性、呕吐、行走困难、视觉障碍、局灶肢体无力或人格改变[4]The Childhood Brain Tumor Consortium. The epidemiology of headache among children with brain tumor: headache in children with brain tumors. J Neurooncol. 1991 Feb;10(1):31-46.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2022972?tool=bestpractice.com
最常见的体征包括视神经水肿、眼球运动障碍、共济失调、反射异常、视野或视力缺损。[4]The Childhood Brain Tumor Consortium. The epidemiology of headache among children with brain tumor: headache in children with brain tumors. J Neurooncol. 1991 Feb;10(1):31-46.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2022972?tool=bestpractice.com
慢性非进展性头痛
持续稳定的头痛。
可能是原发性头痛或类似的继发性病因的慢性类型。
偏头痛的诊断标准
无先兆偏头痛的诊断标准:[3]Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). The international classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia.2018 Jan;38(1):1-211.
https://www.ichd-3.org
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29368949?tool=bestpractice.com
[5]Hershey AD. Current approaches to the diagnosis and management of paediatric migraine. Lancet Neurol. 2010 Feb;9(2):190-204.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20129168?tool=bestpractice.com
*ICHD-3 分类指出,儿童和青少年(18 岁以下)出现双侧偏头痛比成人更常见;单侧疼痛通常出现在青春期晚期或成年早期。偏头痛通常位于额颞部。儿童枕部头痛罕见,诊断时需保持警惕。[3]Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). The international classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia.2018 Jan;38(1):1-211.
https://www.ichd-3.org
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29368949?tool=bestpractice.com
有先兆偏头痛的诊断标准
A:至少有 2 次符合 B 和 C 标准的发作
B:存在以下一种或多种完全可逆的先兆症状**:
1. 视觉
2. 感觉
3. 言语和/或语言
4. 运动
5. 脑干
6. 视网膜
C:符合以下 6 条特点中的至少 3 条:
D:不能归因于其他疾病
**ICHD-3 分类指出,在儿童和青少年中,不太典型的双侧视觉症状发生可能表示先兆。[3]Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). The international classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia.2018 Jan;38(1):1-211.
https://www.ichd-3.org
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29368949?tool=bestpractice.com