隐睾症

Virtanen HE, Toppari J. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of cryptorchidism. Hum Reprod Update. 2008 Jan-Feb;14(1):49-58.全文  摘要

Hutson JM, Clarke MC. Current management of the undescended testicle. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2007 Feb;16(1):64-70. 摘要

Kolon TF, Herndon CD, Baker LA, et al. Evaluation and treatment of cryptorchidism: AUA guideline. J Urol. 2014 Aug;192(2):337-45.全文  摘要

European Association of Urology. Guidelines on paediatric urology. 2022 [internet publication].全文

Kollin C, Stukenborg JB, Nurmio M, et al. Boys with undescended testes: endocrine, volumetric and morphometric studies on testicular function before and after orchidopexy at nine months or three years of age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Dec;97(12):4588-95. 摘要

Braga LH, Lorenzo AJ, Romao RLP. Canadian Urological Association-Pediatric Urologists of Canada (CUA-PUC) guideline for the diagnosis, management, and followup of cryptorchidism. Can Urol Assoc J. 2017 Jul;11(7):E251-60.全文  摘要

1. Ritzén EM, Bergh A, Bjerknes R, et al. Nordic consensus on treatment of undescended testes. Acta Paediatr. 2007 May;96(5):638-43.全文  摘要

2. Nah SA, Yeo CS, How GY, et al. Undescended testis: 513 patients' characteristics, age at orchidopexy and patterns of referral. Arch Dis Child. 2014 May;99(5):401-6. 摘要

3. Virtanen HE, Toppari J. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of cryptorchidism. Hum Reprod Update. 2008 Jan-Feb;14(1):49-58.全文  摘要

4. Sijstermans K, Hack WW, Meijer RW, et al. The frequency of undescended testis from birth to adulthood: a review. Int J Androl. 2008 Feb;31(1):1-11.全文  摘要

5. Brucker-Davis F, Pointis G, Chevallier D, et al. Update on cryptorchidism: endocrine, environmental and therapeutic aspects. J Endocrinol Invest. 2003 Jun;26(6):575-87. 摘要

6. Kuiri-Hänninen T, Koskenniemi J, Dunkel L, et al. Postnatal testicular activity in healthy boys and boys with cryptorchidism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:489.全文  摘要

7. Scorer CG. The descent of the testis. Arch Dis Child. 1964 Dec;39:605-9.全文  摘要

8. John Radcliffe Hospital Cryptorchidism Study Group. Cryptorchidism: a prospective study of 7500 consecutive male births, 1984-8. Arch Dis Child. 1992 Jul;67(7):892-9.全文  摘要

9. Abdullah NA, Pearce MS, Parker L, et al. Birth prevalence of cryptorchidism and hypospadias in northern England, 1993-2000. Arch Dis Child. 2007 Jul;92(7):576-9. 摘要

10. Vidaeff AC, Sever LE. In utero exposure to environmental estrogens and male reproductive health: a systematic review of biological and epidemiologic evidence. Reprod Toxicol. 2005 May-Jun;20(1):5-20. 摘要

11. Ivell R, Hartung S. The molecular basis of cryptorchidism. Mol Hum Reprod. 2003 Apr;9(4):175-81.全文  摘要

12. Verkauskas G, Malcius D, Eidukaite A, et al. Prospective study of histological and endocrine parameters of gonadal function in boys with cryptorchidism. J Pediatr Urol. 2016 Aug;12(4):238.e1-6. 摘要

13. Hutson JM, Lopez-Marambio FA. The possible role of AMH in shortening the gubernacular cord in testicular descent: a reappraisal of the evidence. J Pediatr Surg. 2017 Oct;52(10):1656-60. 摘要

14. Damgaard IN, Skakkebaek NE, Toppari J, et al. Persistent pesticides in human breast milk and cryptorchidism. Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jul;114(7):1133-8.全文  摘要

15. Fratrić I, Varga J, Vukmirović S, et al. Cryptorchidism and pesticides: Is there a connection? J Pediatr Surg. 2017 Jul;52(7):1166-8. 摘要

16. Goodyer CG, Poon S, Aleksa K, et al. A case-control study of maternal polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposure and cryptorchidism in Canadian populations. Environ Health Perspect. 2017 May 26;125(5):057004.全文  摘要

17. Sathyanarayana S, Grady R, Barrett ES, et al. First trimester phthalate exposure and male newborn genital anomalies. Environ Res. 2016 Nov;151:777-82. 摘要

18. Le Moal J, Goria S, Guillet A, et al. Time and spatial trends of operated cryptorchidism in France and environmental hypotheses: a nationwide study from 2002 to 2014. Hum Reprod. 2021 Apr 20;36(5):1383-94.全文  摘要

19. Estors Sastre B, Campillo Artero C, González Ruiz Y, et al. Occupational exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and other parental risk factors in hypospadias and cryptorchidism development: a case-control study. J Pediatr Urol. 2019 Oct;15(5):520.e1-520.e8. 摘要

20. Mongraw-Chaffin ML, Cohn BA, Cohen RD, et al. Maternal smoking, alcohol consumption, and caffeine consumption during pregnancy in relation to a son's risk of persistent cryptorchidism: a prospective study in the Child Health and Development Studies cohort, 1959-1967. Am J Epidemiol. 2008 Feb 1;167(3):257-61.全文  摘要

21. Jensen MS, Rebordosa C, Thulstrup AM, et al. Maternal use of acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and acetylsalicylic acid during pregnancy and risk of cryptorchidism. Epidemiology. 2010 Nov;21(6):779-85. 摘要

22. Philippat C, Giorgis-Allemand L, Chevrier C, et al. Analgesics during pregnancy and undescended testis. Epidemiology. 2011 Sep;22(5):747-9. 摘要

23. Hackshaw A, Rodeck C, Boniface S. Maternal smoking in pregnancy and birth defects: a systematic review based on 173 687 malformed cases and 11.7 million controls. Hum Reprod Update. 2011 Sep-Oct;17(5):589-604.全文  摘要

24. Damgaard IN, Jensen TK, Petersen JH, et al. Cryptorchidism and maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb;115(2):272-7.全文  摘要

25. Carragher AM, McLean RD. Familial bilateral cryptorchidism. Br J Clin Pract. 1990 Dec;44(12):688-9. 摘要

26. Elert A, Jahn K, Heidenreich A, et al. The familial undescended testis [in German]. Klin Padiatr. 2003 Jan-Feb;215(1):40-5. 摘要

27. Ferlin A, Bogatcheva NV, Gianesello L, et al. Insulin-like factor 3 gene mutations in testicular dysgenesis syndrome: clinical and functional characterization. Mol Hum Reprod. 2006 Jun;12(6):401-6.全文  摘要

28. Feng S, Cortessis V, Hwang A, et al. Mutation analysis of INSL3 and GREAT/LGR8 genes in familial cryptorchidism. Urology. 2004 Nov;64(5):1032-6. 摘要

29. Wang Y, Wei Y, Tang X, et al. Association between androgen receptor polymorphic CAG and GGC repeat lengths and cryptorchidism: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. J Pediatr Urol. 2018 Jun 7;14(5):432.e1-9. 摘要

30. Wang Q, Ge X, Wang HX, et al. Association of androgen receptor gene CAG and GGN repeat polymorphism with cryptorchidism: a meta-analysis. Andrologia. 2017 Oct 18;50(3):e12909. 摘要

31. Ahmed SF, Achermann J, Alderson J, et al. Society for Endocrinology UK Guidance on the initial evaluation of a suspected difference or disorder of sex development (Revised 2021). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2021 Dec;95(6):818-40.全文  摘要

32. Moreno-Garcia M, Miranda EB. Chromosomal anomalies in cryptorchidism and hypospadias. J Urol. 2002 Nov;168(5):2170-2; discussion 2172. 摘要

33. Lie G, Hutson JM. The role of cremaster muscle in testicular descent in humans and animal models. Pediatr Surg Int. 2011 Dec;27(12):1255-65. 摘要

34. Arena S, Favaloro A, La Face A, et al. Altered integrins expression of patients affected by cryptorchidism. Urol Int. 2018 Aug 8;101(2):219-23. 摘要

35. Favorito LA, Anderson KM, Costa SF, et al. Structural study of the cremaster muscle in patients with retractile testis. J Pediatr Surg. 2017 Apr 28;53(4):780-3. 摘要

36. Hutson JM, Hasthorpe S. Abnormalities of testicular descent. Cell Tissue Res. 2005 Oct;322(1):155-8. 摘要

37. Barthold JS, Pugarelli J, MacDonald ML, et al. Polygenic inheritance of cryptorchidism susceptibility in the LE/orl rat. Mol Hum Reprod. 2016 Jan;22(1):18-34. 摘要

38. Barthold JS, Wang Y, Kolon TF, et al. Pathway analysis supports association of nonsyndromic cryptorchidism with genetic loci linked to cytoskeleton-dependent functions. Hum Reprod. 2015 Oct;30(10):2439-51. 摘要

39. Baker LA, Silver RI, Docimo SG. Cryptorchidism. In: Gearhart JP, Rink RC, Mouriquand PE, eds. Pediatric urology. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2001:738-53.

40. Hutson JM, Clarke MC. Current management of the undescended testicle. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2007 Feb;16(1):64-70. 摘要

41. Pierik FH, Burdorf A, Deddens JA, et al. Maternal and paternal risk factors for cryptorchidism and hypospadias: a case-control study in newborn boys. Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov;112(15):1570-6. 摘要

42. Akre O, Lipworth L, Cnattingius S, et al. Risk factor patterns for cryptorchidism and hypospadias. Epidemiology. 1999 Jul;10(4):364-9. 摘要

43. Preiksa RT, Zilaitiene B, Matulevicius V, et al. Higher than expected prevalence of congenital cryptorchidism in Lithuania: a study of 1204 boys at birth and 1 year follow-up. Human Reprod. 2005 Jul;20(7):1928-32.全文  摘要

44. Chen J, Wu S, Wen S, et al. The mechanism of environmental endocrine disruptors (DEHP) induces epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of cryptorchidism. PLoS One. 2015 Jun 2;10(6):e0126403.全文  摘要

45. Koskenniemi JJ, Virtanen HE, Kiviranta H, et al. Association between levels of persistent organic pollutants in adipose tissue and cryptorchidism in early childhood: a case-control study. Environ Health. 2015 Sep 24;14:78.全文  摘要

46. Hart RJ, Frederiksen H, Doherty DA, et al. The possible impact of antenatal exposure to ubiquitous phthalates upon male reproductive function at 20 years of age. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018 Jun 4;9:288.全文  摘要

47. Anand-Ivell R, Cohen A, Nørgaard-Pedersen B, et al. Amniotic fluid INSL3 measured during the critical time window in human pregnancy relates to cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and phthalate load: a large case-control study. Front Physiol. 2018 Apr 24;9:406.全文  摘要

48. Fernández MF, Arrebola JP, Jiménez-Díaz I, et al. Bisphenol A and other phenols in human placenta from children with cryptorchidism or hypospadias. Reprod Toxicol. 2016 Jan;59:89-95. 摘要

49. Murase K, Murase J, Machidori K, et al. Nationwide increase in cryptorchidism after the Fukushima nuclear accident. Urology. 2018 May 8;118:65-70. 摘要

50. Gurney J, Richiardi L, McGlynn KA, et al. Analgesia use during pregnancy and risk of cryptorchidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod. 2017 May 1;32(5):1118-29. 摘要

51. Zhang L, Wang XH, Zheng XM, et al. Maternal gestational smoking, diabetes, alcohol drinking, pre-pregnancy obesity and the risk of cryptorchidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS One. 2015 Mar 23;10(3):e0119006.全文  摘要

52. Lane C, Boxall J, MacLellan D, et al. A population-based study of prevalence trends and geospatial analysis of hypospadias and cryptorchidism compared with non-endocrine mediated congenital anomalies. J Pediatr Urol. 2017 Jun;13(3):284.e1-7. 摘要

53. Virtanen HE, Tapanainen AE, Kaleva MM, et al. Mild gestational diabetes as a risk factor for congenital cryptorchidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Dec;91(12):4862-5.全文  摘要

54. Hughes K, Horwood JF, Clements C, et al. Complications of inguinal herniotomy are comparable in term and premature infants. Hernia. 2016 Aug;20(4):565-9. 摘要

55. Kolon TF, Herndon CD, Baker LA, et al. Evaluation and treatment of cryptorchidism: AUA guideline. J Urol. 2014 Aug;192(2):337-45.全文  摘要

56. Cho A, Thomas J, Perera R, et al. Undescended testis. BMJ. 2019 Mar 25;364:l926. 摘要

57. European Association of Urology. Guidelines on paediatric urology. 2022 [internet publication].全文

58. Tasian GE, Copp HL. Diagnostic performance of ultrasound in nonpalpable cryptorchidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2011 Jan;127(1):119-28. 摘要

59. Teo AQ, Khan AR, Williams MP, et al. Is surgical exploration necessary in bilateral anorchia? J Pediatr Urol. 2013 Feb;9(1):e78-81.全文  摘要

60. Brauner R, Neve M, Allali S, et al. Clinical, biological and genetic analysis of anorchia in 26 boys. PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e23292.全文  摘要

61. Wei Y, Wang Y, Tang X, et al. Efficacy and safety of human chorionic gonadotropin for treatment of cryptorchidism: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Paediatr Child Health. 2018 Apr 14;54(8):900-6. 摘要

62. Davenport M, Brain C, Vandenberg C, et al. The use of the hCG stimulation test in the endocrine evaluation of cryptorchidism. Br J Urol. 1995 Dec;76(6):790-4. 摘要

63. Kollin C, Hesser U, Ritzén EM, et al. Testicular growth from birth to two years of age, and the effect of orchidopexy at age nine months: a randomized, controlled study. Acta Paediatr. 2016 Jun;101(6):2570-7. 摘要

64. Sadov S, Koskenniemi JJ, Virtanen HE, et al. Testicular growth during puberty in boys with and without a history of congenital cryptorchidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Jun;101(6):2570-7. 摘要

65. Shadpour P, Kashi AH, Arvin A. Scrotal testis size in unilateral non-palpable cryptorchidism, what it can and cannot tell: study of a Middle Eastern population. J Pediatr Urol. 2017 Jun;13(3):268.e1-6. 摘要

66. Hodhod A, Capolicchio JP, Jednak R, et al. Testicular hypertrophy as a predictor for contralateral monorchism: retrospective review of prospectively recorded data. J Pediatr Urol. 2016 Feb;12(1):34.e1-5. 摘要

67. Wong NC, Bansal NK, Lorenzo AJ, et al. Misuse of ultrasound for palpable undescended testis by primary care providers: a prospective study. Can Urol Assoc J. 2015 Nov-Dec;9(11-12):387-90.全文  摘要

68. Kanaroglou N, To T, Zhu J, et al. Inappropriate use of ultrasound in management of pediatric cryptorchidism. Pediatrics. 2015 Sep;136(3):479-86. 摘要

69. Krishnaswami S, Fonnesbeck C, Penson D, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging for locating nonpalpable undescended testicles: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2013 Jun;131(6):e1908-16.全文  摘要

70. Nguyen HT, Coakley F, Hricak H. Cryptorchidism: strategies in detection. Eur Radiol. 1999;9(2):336-43. 摘要

71. Eggener SE, Lotan Y, Cheng EG. Magnetic resonance angiography for the nonpalpable testis: a cost and cancer risk analysis. J Urol. 2005 May;173(5):1745-9. 摘要

72. Tasian GE, Copp HL. Diagnostic performance of ultrasound in nonpalpable cryptorchidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2011 Jan;127(1):119-28. 摘要

73. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Evaluation and treatment of cryptorchidism.Comparative effectiveness review. Dec 2012 [internet publication].全文

74. Esposito S, Cofini M, Rigante D, et al. Inhibin B in healthy and cryptorchid boys. Ital J Pediatr. 2018 Jul 16;44(1):81.全文  摘要

75. Public Health England. Newborn and infant physical examination (NIPE) screeningprogramme handbook. Apr 2021 [internet publication].全文

76. Pettersson A, Richiardi L, Nordenskjold A, et al. Age at surgery for undescended testis and risk of testicular cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007 May 3;356(18):1835-41.全文  摘要

77. Ritzén EM. Undescended testes: a consensus on management. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008 Dec;159(suppl 1):S87-90.全文  摘要

78. Chan E, Wayne C, Nasr A, et al; FRCSC for Canadian Association of Pediatric Surgeon Evidence-Based Resource. Ideal timing of orchiopexy: a systematic review. Pediatr Surg Int. 2014 Jan;30(1):87-97. 摘要

79. Komarowska MD, Hermanowicz A, Debek W. Putting the pieces together: cryptorchidism - do we know everything? J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Nov 1;28(11-12):1247-56. 摘要

80. Kollin C, Stukenborg JB, Nurmio M, et al. Boys with undescended testes: endocrine, volumetric and morphometric studies on testicular function before and after orchidopexy at nine months or three years of age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Dec;97(12):4588-95. 摘要

81. Thorsson AV, Christiansen P, Ritzén M. Efficacy and safety of hormonal treatment of cryptorchidism: current state of the art. Acta Paediatr. 2007 May;96(5):628-30. 摘要

82. Penson D, Krishnaswami S, Jules A, et al. Effectiveness of hormonal and surgical therapies for cryptorchidism: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2013 Jun;131(6):e1897-907.全文  摘要

83. Li T, Gao L, Chen P, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies assessing the efficacy of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone therapy for children with cryptorchidism. Int Urol Nephrol. 2016 May;48(5):635-44. 摘要

84. Wei Y, Wu SD, Wang YC, et al. A 22-year retrospective study: educational update and new referral pattern of age at orchidopexy. BJU Int. 2016 Dec;118(6):987-93. 摘要

85. Vikraman J, Donath S, Hutson Ao JM. Undescended testes: diagnosis and timely treatment in Australia (1995-2014). Aust Fam Physician. 2017 Mar;46(3):152-8. 摘要

86. Williams K, Baumann L, Shah A, et al. Age at orchiopexy for undescended testis in the United States. J Pediatr Surg. 2018 Jan;53(1):86-9. 摘要

87. Bergbrant S, Omling E, Björk J, et al. Cryptorchidism in Sweden: a nationwide study of prevalence, operative management, and complications. J Pediatr. 2018 Jan 10;194:197-203.e6. 摘要

88. Braga LH, Lorenzo AJ, Romao RLP. Canadian Urological Association-Pediatric Urologists of Canada (CUA-PUC) guideline for the diagnosis, management, and followup of cryptorchidism. Can Urol Assoc J. 2017 Jul;11(7):E251-60.全文  摘要

89. Savoie KB, Bachier-Rodriguez M, Schurtz E, et al. Health disparities in the appropriate management of cryptorchidism. J Pediatr. 2017 Jun;185:187-92.e1. 摘要

90. Boehme P, Geis B, Doerner J, et al. Shortcomings in the management of undescended testis: guideline intention vs reality and the underlying causes - insights from the biggest German cohort. BJU Int. 2018 Mar 9;122(4):644-53. 摘要

91. Cancian M, Ellsworth P, Caldamone A. Contralateral metachronous undescended testis: is it predictable? J Pediatr Urol. 2017 Mar 28;13(5):504.e1-5. 摘要

92. Dayanc M, Kibar Y, Irkilata H, et al. Long-term outcome of scrotal incision orchiopexy for undescended testis. Urology. 2007 Oct;70(4):786-8. 摘要

93. Feng S, Yang H, Li X, et al. Single scrotal incision orchiopexy versus the inguinal approach in children with palpable undescended testis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Surg Int. 2016 Oct;32(10):989-95. 摘要

94. Na SW, Kim SO, Hwang EC, et al. Single scrotal incision orchiopexy for children with palpable low-lying undescended testis: early outcome of a prospective randomized controlled study. Korean J Urol. 2011 Sep;52(9):637-41.全文  摘要

95. Ramzan M, Sheikh AH, Qureshi MS, et al. Single incision trans scrotal versus standard inguino-scrotal orchidopexy in children with palpable undescended testis: our experience from April 2007 to April 2010. Pak J Med Sci. 2012 Oct-Dec;28(5):827-9.全文

96. Lopes RI, Naoum NK, Chua ME, et al. Outcome analysis of redo orchiopexy: scrotal vs inguinal. J Urol. 2016 Sep;196(3):869-74. 摘要

97. Docimo SG. The results of surgical therapy for cryptorchidism: a literature review and analysis. J Urol. 1995 Sep;154(3):1148-52. 摘要

98. Taran I, Elder JS. Results of orchiopexy for the undescended testis. World J Urol. 2006 Aug;24(3):231-9. 摘要

99. SAGES Guidelines Committee. Guidelines for diagnostic laparoscopy. 2007 [internet publication].全文

100. Elder JS. Laparoscopy for impalpable testes: significance of the patent processus vaginalis. J Urol. 1994 Aug;152(2 Pt 2):776-8. 摘要

101. Baker LA, Docimo SG, Surer I, et al. A multi-institutional analysis of laparoscopic orchidopexy. BJU Int. 2001 Apr;87(6):484-9. 摘要

102. Sturm R, Kurzrock E, Amend G, et al. Blind ending vessels on diagnostic laparoscopy for nonpalpable testis: is a nubbin present? J Pediatr Urol. 2017 Aug;13(4):392.e1-6. 摘要

103. Kehoe JE, Christman MS. To 'pex or not to 'pex: what to do for the contralateral testis when a nubbin is discovered. Curr Urol Rep. 2017 Feb;18(2):9. 摘要

104. Elyas R, Guerra LA, Pike J, et al. Is staging beneficial for Fowler-Stephens orchiopexy? A systematic review. J Urol. 2010 May;183(5):2012-8. 摘要

105. Guo J, Liang Z, Zhang H, et al. Laparoscopic versus open orchiopexy for non-palpable undescended testes in children: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Surg Int. 2011 Sep;27(9):943-52. 摘要

106. Wood HM, Elder JS. Cryptorchidism and testicular cancer: separating fact from fiction. J Urol. 2009 Feb;181(2):452-61. 摘要

107. Koh KB. Beware the undescended testis and abdominal mass. Aust N Z J Surg. 1996 Dec;66(12):851-3. 摘要

108. Ryang SH, Jung JH, Eom M, et al. The incidence and histological characteristics of intratubular germ cell neoplasia in postpubertal cryptorchid testis. Korean J Urol. 2015 Jul;56(7):515-8.全文  摘要

109. Kang KJ, Kim HS, Oh TH. The clinical experience on orchiectomy in the postpubertal unilateral cryptorchidism. Korean J Urol. 1999 Oct;40(10):1371-6.全文

110. Oh J, Landman J, Evers A, et al. Management of the postpubertal patient with cryptorchidism: an updated analysis. J Urol. 2002 Mar;167(3):1329-33. 摘要

111. Kozminski DJ, Kraft KH, Bloom DA. Orchiopexy without transparenchymal fixation suturing: a 29-year experience. J Urol. 2015 Dec;194(6):1743-7. 摘要

112. Ribeiro CT, De Souza DB, Costa WS, et al. Effects of testicular transfixation on seminiferous tubule morphology and sperm parameters of prepubertal, pubertal, and adult rats. Theriogenology. 2015 Oct 15;84(7):1142-8. 摘要

113. Walsh TJ, Dall'Era MA, Croughan MS, et al. Prepubertal orchiopexy for cryptorchidism may be associated with lower risk of testicular cancer. J Urol. 2007 Oct;178(4 Pt 1):1440-6. 摘要

114. Raman JD, Schlegel PN. Testicular sperm extraction with intracytoplasmic sperm injection is successful for the treatment of nonobstructive azoospermia associated with cryptorchidism. J Urol. 2003 Oct;170(4 Pt 1):1287-90. 摘要

115. Ilic D, Misso ML. Screening for testicular cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Feb 16;(2):CD007853.全文  摘要

116. Gracia J, Sánchez Zalabardo J, Sánchez García J, et al. Clinical, physical, sperm and hormonal data in 251 adults operated on for cryptorchidism in childhood. BJU Int. 2000 Jun;85(9):1100-3. 摘要

117. Irkilata HC, Dayanc M, Yildirim I, et al. Low sperm recovery from the undescended testis with testicular sperm extraction in postpubertal cryptorchids: preliminary report. Andrologia. 2005 Jun;37(2-3):65-8. 摘要

118. Lee PA, Coughlin MT. Fertility after bilateral cryptorchidism. Evaluation by paternity, hormone, and semen data. Horm Res. 2001;55(1):28-32. 摘要

119. van Brakel J, Dinkelman-Smit M, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama SMPF, et al. Sperm DNA damage measured by sperm chromatin structure assay in men with a history of undescended testes. Andrology. 2017 Jul;5(4):838-43. 摘要

120. Hamdi SM, Almont T, Galinier P, et al. Altered secretion of Sertoli cells hormones in 2-year-old prepubertal cryptorchid boys: a cross-sectional study. Andrology. 2017 Jul;5(4):783-9. 摘要

121. Rohayem J, Luberto A, Nieschlag E, et al. Delayed treatment of undescended testes may promote hypogonadism and infertility. Endocrine. 2017 Mar;55(3):914-24. 摘要

122. Durell J, Johal N, Burge D, et al. Testicular atrophy following paediatric primary orchidopexy: a prospective study. J Pediatr Urol. 2016 Aug;12(4):243.e1-4. 摘要

123. Adomaitis R, Vincel B, Eidukaite A, et al. Consequences of bilateral cryptorchidism in adults. Andrologia. 2016 Nov;48(9):933-8. 摘要

124. Thorup J, McLachlan R, Cortes D, et al. What is new in cryptorchidism and hypospadias--a critical review on the testicular dysgenesis hypothesis. J Pediatr Surg. 2010 Oct;45(10):2074-86. 摘要