参考文献
关键文献
Gharib H, Papini E, Garber JR, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology, and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules - 2016 update. Endocr Pract. 2016 May;22(5):622-39.全文 摘要
Zimmermann MB, Boelaert K. Iodine deficiency and thyroid disorders. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015 Apr;3(4):286-95. 摘要
Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, et al. 2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid. 2016;26:1343-1421.全文 摘要
Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2016 Jan;26(1):1-133.全文 摘要
参考文献
1. Gharib H, Papini E, Garber JR, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology, and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules - 2016 update. Endocr Pract. 2016 May;22(5):622-39.全文 摘要
2. Gabriel EM, Bergert ER, Grant CS, et al. Germline polymorphism of codon 727 of human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor is associated with toxic multinodular goiter. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:3328-35.全文 摘要
3. De Leo S, Lee SY, Braverman LE. Hyperthyroidism. Lancet. 2016 Aug 27;388(10047):906-18. 摘要
4. Taylor PN, Albrecht D, Scholz A, et al. Global epidemiology of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018 May;14(5):301-16. 摘要
5. Thiruvengadam S, Luthra P. Thyroid disorders in elderly: A comprehensive review. Dis Mon. 2021 Nov;67(11):101223.全文 摘要
6. Guille JT, Opoku-Boateng A, Thibeault SL, et al. Evaluation and management of the pediatric thyroid nodule. Oncologist. 2015 Jan;20(1):19-27.全文 摘要
7. Tonacchera M, Vitti P, De Servi M, et al. Gain of function TSH receptor mutations and iodine deficiency: implications in iodine prophylaxis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2003;26(suppl 2):2-6. 摘要
8. Zimmermann MB, Boelaert K. Iodine deficiency and thyroid disorders. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015 Apr;3(4):286-95. 摘要
9. Li M, Eastman CJ. The changing epidemiology of iodine deficiency. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012 Apr 3;8(7):434-40.全文 摘要
10. Tonacchera M, Chiovato L, Pinchera A, et al. Hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules in toxic multinodular goiter share activating thyrotropin receptor mutations with solitary toxic adenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:492-8.全文 摘要
11. Tonacchera M, Agretti P, Chiovato L, et al. Activating thyrotropin receptor mutations are present in nonadenomatous hyperfunctioning nodules of toxic or autonomous multinodular goiter. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:2270-4.全文 摘要
12. Krohn K, Führer D, Bayer Y, et al. Molecular pathogenesis of euthyroid and toxic multinodular goiter. Endocr Rev. 2005;26:504-24.全文 摘要
13. Fiore E, Tonacchera M, Vitti P. Influence of iodization programmes on the epidemiology of nodular goitre. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Aug;28(4):577-88. 摘要
14. Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, et al. 2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid. 2016;26:1343-1421.全文 摘要
15. Derwahl M. TSH receptor and Gs-alpha gene mutations in the pathogenesis of toxic thyroid adenomas - a note of caution. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:2783-2785. 摘要
16. Morris AJ, Malbon CC. Physiological regulation of G protein-linked signaling. Physiol Rev. 1999;79:1373-1430. 摘要
17. Poertl S, Kirner J, Saller B, et al. T3-release from autonomously functioning thyroid nodules in vitro. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 1998;106:489-493. 摘要
18. Polak M. Hyperfunctioning thyroid adenoma and activating mutations in the TSH receptor gene. Arch Med Res. 1999;30:510-513. 摘要
19. Krohn K, Führer D, Holzapfel HP, et al. Clonal origin of toxic thyroid nodules with constitutively activating thyrotropin receptor mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:130-134. 摘要
20. Derwahl M, Hamacher C, Russo D, et al. Constitutive activation of the Gs alpha protein-adenylate cyclase pathway may not be sufficient to generate toxic thyroid adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:1898-1904. 摘要
21. Pearce EN, Pino S, He X, et al. Sources of dietary iodine: bread, cows' milk, and infant formula in the Boston area. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:3421-3424. 摘要
22. Maniakas A, Davies L, Zafereo ME. Thyroid disease around the world. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2018 Jun;51(3):631-42. 摘要
23. Pearce EN, Farwell AP, Braverman LE. Thyroiditis. N Engl J Med. 2003;26:348:2646-2655. [Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2003;349:620.] 摘要
24. De Filippis EA, Sabet A, Sun MR, et al. Pemberton's sign: explained nearly 70 years later. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:1949-1954. 摘要
25. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria®. Thyroid disease. 2018 [internet publication].全文
26. Singh Ospina N, Iñiguez-Ariza NM, Castro MR. Thyroid nodules: diagnostic evaluation based on thyroid cancer risk assessment. BMJ. 2020 Jan 7;368:l6670.全文 摘要
27. Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2016 Jan;26(1):1-133.全文 摘要
28. Cibas ES, Ali SZ. The 2017 Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology. Thyroid. 2017 Nov;27(11):1341-6.全文 摘要
29. Scappaticcio L, Maiorino MI, Maio A, et al. Neutropenia in patients with hyperthyroidism: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2021 Mar;94(3):473-83.全文 摘要
30. Scappaticcio L, Longo M, Maiorino MI, et al. Abnormal liver blood tests in patients with hyperthyroidism: systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid. 2021 Jun;31(6):884-94.全文 摘要
31. Belfiore A, La Rosa GL, La Porta GA, et al. Cancer risk in patients with cold thyroid nodules: relevance of iodine intake, sex, age, and multinodularity. Am J Med. 1992;93:363-369. 摘要
32. Nygaard B, Hegedus L, Ulriksen P, et al. Radioiodine therapy for multinodular toxic goiter. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:1364-1368. 摘要
33. Cooper DS. Antithyroid drugs. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:905-917. 摘要
34. Alexander EK, Pearce EN, Brent GA, et al. 2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum. Thyroid. 2017;27:315-389.全文 摘要
35. Patel KN, Yip L, Lubitz CC, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for the definitive surgical management of thyroid disease in adults. Ann Surg. 2020 Mar;271(3):e21-e93.全文 摘要
36. Biondi B, Cooper DS. Subclinical hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jun 21;378(25):2411-9. 摘要
37. Delitala AP, Scuteri A, Doria C. Thyroid hormone diseases and osteoporosis. J Clin Med. 2020 Apr 6;9(4):1034.全文 摘要
38. Pearce EN. Diagnosis and management of thyrotoxicosis. BMJ. 2006 Jun 10;332(7554):1369-73. 摘要
39. Adam MA, Thomas S, Youngwirth L, et al. Is there a minimum number of thyroidectomies a surgeon should perform to optimize patient outcomes? Ann Surg. 2017;265:402-407. 摘要
40. Franklyn JA, Boelaert K. Thyrotoxicosis. Lancet. 2012;379:1155-1166. 摘要
41. Stachura A, Gryn T, Kałuża B, et al. Predictors of euthyreosis in hyperthyroid patients treated with radioiodine <sup>131</sup>I<sup>-</sup>: a retrospective study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2020 Jun 1;20(1):77.全文 摘要
42. Kahraman D, Keller C, Schneider C, et al. Development of hypothyroidism during long-term follow-up of patients with toxic nodular goitre after radioiodine therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012 Feb;76(2):297-303.全文 摘要
43. Toft AD. Clinical practice. Subclinical hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:512-516. 摘要
内容使用需遵循免责声明