乳糜泻唯一可接受的治疗方法是严格坚持终身无麸质饮食。
饮食建议
直到通过小肠组织学检测做出明确诊断后,才可以开始规定饮食。
诊断后,应将患者转诊给受过有关乳糜泻和无麸质饮食专门培训的营养师。除了指导无麸质饮食,提供膳食建议也非常重要,因为无麸质饮食会导致纤维摄入量更低、维生素和微量营养素缺乏,以及热量、单一碳水化合物和饱和脂肪摄入较高。[94]Bledsoe AC, King KS, Larson JJ, et al. Micronutrient deficiencies are common in contemporary celiac disease despite lack of overt malabsorption symptoms. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019 Jul;94(7):1253-60.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31248695?tool=bestpractice.com
[131]Vici G, Belli L, Biondi M, et al. Gluten free diet and nutrient deficiencies: a review. Clin Nutr. 2016 Dec;35(6):1236-41.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27211234?tool=bestpractice.com
乳糜泻患者有超重/肥胖的风险。[132]Bascuñán KA, Vespa MC, Araya M. Celiac disease: understanding the gluten-free diet. Eur J Nutr. 2017 Mar;56(2):449-59.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27334430?tool=bestpractice.com
尽管一小部分人可能会对燕麦蛋白或其他含麸质的谷物的交叉污染产生反应,但由于无麸质燕麦的营养价值(可溶性纤维、多不饱和油、复合维生素 B 和铁),仍然在饮食中被推荐使用。[73]Chaudrey KH. ACG guideline: diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023;118(1):23.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36602833?tool=bestpractice.com
坚持无麸质饮食后,可改善乳糜泻患者的生活质量,但未恢复到正常水平。[133]Burger JPW, de Brouwer B, IntHout J, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: dietary adherence influences normalization of health-related quality of life in coeliac disease. Clin Nutr. 2017 Apr;36(2):399-406.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27179800?tool=bestpractice.com
坚持无麸质饮食很困难,大多数患者会有饮食失误。[134]Hall NJ, Rubin G, Charnock A. Systematic review: adherence to a gluten-free diet in adult patients with coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Aug 15;30(4):315-30.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04053.x
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19485977?tool=bestpractice.com
应强调饮食的重要性,并由家庭成员以及乳糜泻倡议团体的成员对社会支持给予评估和鼓励。
补充
应检查患者是否缺乏常见营养素,包括铁、维生素 D、维生素 B12 和叶酸。与普通人群相比,乳糜泻患者缺乏这些维生素和矿物质的情况更为普遍。[135]Wierdsma NJ, van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren MA, Berkenpas M, et al. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies are highly prevalent in newly diagnosed celiac disease patients. Nutrients. 2013 Sep 30;5(10):3975-92.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24084055
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24084055?tool=bestpractice.com
应建议所有乳糜泻患者服用钙和维生素 D 补剂。补铁应针对缺铁的患者。维生素 B12(氰钴维生素)和叶酸缺乏应予以纠正,特别是因为无麸质饮食可能叶酸含量低。
请参阅:
乳糜泻患者中,骨密度评估可用于评估骨量减少或骨质疏松症,但关于其最佳时机的证据不足。有骨质疏松症其他危险因素、年龄>50 岁、绒毛重度萎缩的患者,需要在诊断时进行骨密度分析。研究表明,无麸质饮食可能会改善骨密度,因此一些指南建议在诊断时或无麸质饮食 1 年后评估骨密度。[73]Chaudrey KH. ACG guideline: diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023;118(1):23.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36602833?tool=bestpractice.com
[136]Pantaleoni S, Luchino M, Adriani A, et al. Bone mineral density at diagnosis of celiac disease and after 1 year of gluten-free diet. Scientific World Journal. 2014;2014:173082.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4213989
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25379519?tool=bestpractice.com
也有指南建议在 30-35 岁之前进行评估,因为有证据表明这一乳糜泻患者群体的骨量减少率很高。[34]Al-Toma A, Volta U, Auricchio R, et al. European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease (ESsCD) guideline for coeliac disease and other gluten-related disorders. United European Gastroenterol J. 2019 Jun;7(5):583-613.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2050640619844125?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31210940?tool=bestpractice.com
[137]Mosca C, Thorsteinsdottir F, Abrahamsen B, et al. Newly diagnosed celiac disease and bone health in young adults: a systematic literature review. Calcif Tissue Int. 2022 Jun;110(6):641-8.
https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s00223-021-00938-w
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34978602?tool=bestpractice.com
治疗无效
对于无麸质饮食治疗无效的患者,最常见的问题是持续的麸质暴露。有证据表明,摄入所谓适当的无麸质饮食的患者,实际上已摄入足以引发症状的麸质。[138]Syage JA, Kelly CP, Dickason MA, et al. Determination of gluten consumption in celiac disease patients on a gluten-free diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018 Feb 1;107(2):201-7.
https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/107/2/201/4911450
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29529159?tool=bestpractice.com
[139]Comino I, Fernández-Bañares F, Esteve M, et al. Fecal gluten peptides reveal limitations of serological tests and food questionnaires for monitoring gluten-free diet in celiac disease patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016 Oct;111(10):1456-65.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5059698
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27644734?tool=bestpractice.com
评估的第一步是重新进行抗组织转谷氨酰胺酶 IgA 抗体(immunoglobulin A-tissue transglutaminase, IgA-tTG)滴度检测,并将患者转诊给具有乳糜泻专业知识的营养师。如果没有持续摄入麸质的证据,则推荐将患者转诊至对评估无反应乳糜泻有经验的胃肠病学专科医师处。尽管麸质暴露是乳糜泻治疗无效的最常见原因,但许多其他疾病也可解释症状,例如肠易激综合征、其他食物不耐受、显微镜下结肠炎或小肠细菌过度生长。[140]Leffler DA, Kelly CP, Green PH, et al. Larazotide acetate for persistent symptoms of celiac disease despite a gluten-free diet: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2015 Jun;148(7):1311-9;e6.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4446229
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25683116?tool=bestpractice.com
[141]Losurdo G, Marra A, Shahini E, et al. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and celiac disease: a systematic review with pooled-data analysis. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2017 Jun;29(6):13028.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28191721?tool=bestpractice.com
尽管 IgA-tTG 阳性提示肠损伤和麸质暴露,但阴性不能排除持续的肠损伤。[142]Silvester JA, Kurada S, Szwajcer A, et al. Tests for serum transglutaminase and endomysial antibodies do not detect most patients with celiac disease and persistent villous atrophy on gluten-free diets: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2017 Sep;153(3):689-701;e1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5738024
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28545781?tool=bestpractice.com
[143]Husby S, Bai JC. Follow-up of celiac disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2019 Mar;48(1):127-36.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30711205?tool=bestpractice.com
如果症状持续或复发而无其他解释,无论血清抗体滴度如何,都应重复进行食管胃十二指肠镜检查和十二指肠活检。[143]Husby S, Bai JC. Follow-up of celiac disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2019 Mar;48(1):127-36.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30711205?tool=bestpractice.com
顽固性乳糜泻
难治性乳糜泻是指尽管严格遵守无麸质饮食 12 个月,但吸收不良症状和绒毛萎缩仍持续存在,但无其他异常征象(包括显性淋巴瘤)。一部分难治性乳糜泻患者会出现溃疡性空肠炎、肠病相关 T 细胞淋巴瘤等合并症。[144]Rubio-Tapia A, Murray JA. Classification and management of refractory coeliac disease. Gut. 2010 Apr;59(4):547-57.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/20332526
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20332526?tool=bestpractice.com
患者的预后普遍较差。患者应在具有乳糜泻治疗经验的中心接受治疗。
乳糜泻危象
乳糜泻危象较罕见,且伴有低血容量、重度水样腹泻、酸中毒、低钙血症和低白蛋白血症。患者可能有突发的重大医疗事件,例如最近接受过腹部手术。[145]Jamma S, Rubio-Tapia A, Kelly CP, et al. Celiac crisis is a rare but serious complication of celiac disease in adults. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 Jul;8(7):587-90.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/20417725
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20417725?tool=bestpractice.com
现已有成人和儿童病例的报道。[145]Jamma S, Rubio-Tapia A, Kelly CP, et al. Celiac crisis is a rare but serious complication of celiac disease in adults. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 Jul;8(7):587-90.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/20417725
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20417725?tool=bestpractice.com
[146]Mones RL, Atienza KV, Youssef NN, et al. Celiac crisis in the modern era. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007 Oct;45(4):480-3.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18030217?tool=bestpractice.com
在无麸质饮食起效前,除了非胃肠道补液、营养支持和纠正电解质紊乱,短程全身糖皮质激素治疗也可能对大多数患者有益。[145]Jamma S, Rubio-Tapia A, Kelly CP, et al. Celiac crisis is a rare but serious complication of celiac disease in adults. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 Jul;8(7):587-90.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/20417725
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20417725?tool=bestpractice.com
[147]Lloyd-Still JD, Grand RJ, Khaw KT, et al. The use of corticosteroids in celiac crisis. J Pediatr. 1972 Dec;81(6):1074-81.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4566038?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者能够口服药物,可在初期使用布地奈德。如果该药无效,可开始使用泼尼松龙或等效的全身性皮质类固醇,并应在患者无需静脉补液就能够维持血容量和保持正常营养状态后,逐渐减少剂量。