低钠血症的评估

Spasovski G, Vanholder R, Allolio B, et al; Hyponatraemia Guideline Development Group. Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014 Feb 25;170(3):G1-47.全文  摘要

Grant P, Ayuk J, Bouloux PM, et al. The diagnosis and management of inpatient hyponatraemia and SIADH. Eur J Clin Invest. 2015 Aug;45(8):888-94.全文  摘要

Verbalis JG, Goldsmith SR, Greenberg A, et al. Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hyponatremia: expert panel recommendations. Am J Med. 2013 Oct;126(10 suppl 1):S1-42.全文  摘要

1. Adrogué HJ, Tucker BM, Madias NE. Diagnosis and Management of Hyponatremia: A Review. JAMA. 2022 Jul 19;328(3):280-91. 摘要

2. Spasovski G, Vanholder R, Allolio B, et al; Hyponatraemia Guideline Development Group. Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014 Feb 25;170(3):G1-47.全文  摘要

3. Lien YH, Shapiro JI. Hyponatremia: clinical diagnosis and management. Am J Med. 2007 Aug;120(8):653-8. 摘要

4. Sajadieh A, Binici Z, Mouridsen MR, et al. Mild hyponatremia carries a poor prognosis in community subjects. Am J Med. 2009 Jul;122(7):679-86. 摘要

5. Wakil A, Ng JM, Atkin SL. Investigating hyponatraemia. BMJ.2011 Mar 7;342:d1118. 摘要

6. Montanana PA, Modesto i Alapont V, Ocon AP, et al. The use of isotonic fluid as maintenance therapy prevents iatrogenic hyponatremia in pediatrics: a randomized, controlled open study. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2008 Nov;9(6):589-97. 摘要

7. Grant P, Ayuk J, Bouloux PM, et al. The diagnosis and management of inpatient hyponatraemia and SIADH. Eur J Clin Invest. 2015 Aug;45(8):888-94.全文  摘要

8. Lippi G, Aloe R. Hyponatremia and pseudohyponatremia: first, do no harm [letter]. Am J Med. 2010 Sep;123(9):e17.全文  摘要

9. Lindner G, Schwarz C, Haidinger M, et al. Hyponatremia in the emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 2022 Oct;60:1-8.全文  摘要

10. Wang P, Li T. Osmotic demyelination syndrome: clinical and neuroimaging characteristics in a series of 8 cases. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2023 Jul 1;13(7):4785-91.全文  摘要

11. Sterns RH, Silver SM. Cerebral salt wasting versus SIADH: what difference? J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 Feb;19(2):194-6.全文  摘要

12. Loh JA, Verbalis JG. Disorders of water and salt metabolism associated with pituitary disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008 Mar;37(1):213-34, x. 摘要

13. Lu DC, Binder DK, Chien B, et al. Cerebral salt wasting and elevated brain natriuretic peptide levels after traumatic brain injury: 2 case reports. Surg Neurol. 2008 Mar;69(3):226-9. 摘要

14. Filippone EJ, Ruzieh M, Foy A. Thiazide-associated hyponatremia: clinical manifestations and pathophysiology. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020 Feb;75(2):256-64.全文  摘要

15. Verbalis JG, Goldsmith SR, Greenberg A, et al. Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hyponatremia: expert panel recommendations. Am J Med. 2013 Oct;126(10 suppl 1):S1-42.全文  摘要

16. Alukal JJ, John S, Thuluvath PJ. Hyponatremia in cirrhosis: an update. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020 Nov;115(11):1775-85. 摘要

17. Nagler EV, Vanmassenhove J, van der Veer SN, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of hyponatremia: a systematic review of clinical practice guidelines and consensus statements. BMC Med. 2014 Dec 11;12:1.全文  摘要

18. Sterns RH. Disorders of plasma sodium - causes, consequences, and correction. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jan 1;372(1):55-65. 摘要

19. Kinugawa K, Sato N, Inomata T, et al. Efficacy and safety of tolvaptan in heart failure patients with volume overload. Circ J. 2014;78(4):844-52. 摘要

20. Rushworth RL, Torpy DJ, Falhammar H. Adrenal crisis. N Engl J Med. 2019 Aug 29;381(9):852-61.全文  摘要

21. Kilpatrick ES. Disorders of sodium balance: hypothyroidism and hyponatraemia: an old wives' tale? BMJ. 2006 Apr 8;332(7545):854.

22. Liamis G, Filippatos TD, Liontos A, et al. Management of endocrine disease: hypothyroidism-associated hyponatremia: mechanisms, implications and treatment. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017 Jan;176(1):R15-20. 摘要

23. Spasovski G, Vanholder R, Allolio B, et al. Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia. Intensive Care Med 2014; 40:320–31.

24. Cuesta M, Ortolá A, Garrahy A, et al. Predictors of failure to respond to fluid restriction in SIAD in clinical practice; time to re-evaluate clinical guidelines? QJM. 2017 Aug 1;110(8):489-492.全文  摘要

25. Cuesta M, Garrahy A, Slattery D, et al. The contribution of undiagnosed adrenal insufficiency to euvolaemic hyponatraemia: results of a large prospective single-centre study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2016 Dec;85(6):836-44. 摘要

26. Shapiro DS, Sonnenblick M, Galperin I, et al. Severe hyponatraemia in elderly hospitalized patients: prevalence, aetiology and outcome. Intern Med J. 2010 Aug;40(8):574-80. 摘要

27. Patel GP, Balk RA. Recognition and treatment of hyponatremia in acutely ill hospitalized patients. Clin Ther. 2007 Feb;29(2):211-29. 摘要

28. Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2022 Apr 1;101161CIR0000000000001063.全文  摘要

29. Braun MM, Barstow CH, Pyzocha NJ. Diagnosis and management of sodium disorders: hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Am Fam Physician. 2015 Mar 1;91(5):299-307.全文  摘要

30. Leppäniemi A, Tolonen M, Tarasconi A, et al. 2019 WSES guidelines for the management of severe acute pancreatitis. World J Emerg Surg. 2019;14:27.全文  摘要

31. Choosing Wisely. American Society for Clinical Pathology: testing for amylase. Sep 2016 [internet publication].全文

32. Rompianesi G, Hann A, Komolafe O, et al. Serum amylase and lipase and urinary trypsinogen and amylase for diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Apr 21;(4):CD012010.全文  摘要

33. Thomas ME, Blaine C, Dawnay A, et al. The definition of acute kidney injury and its use in practice. Kidney Int. 2015 Jan;87(1):62-73.全文  摘要

34. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute kidney injury: prevention, detection and management. Sep 2023 [internet publication].全文