肌肉痉挛

参考文献

关键文献

Katzberg HD. Case studies in management of muscle cramps. Neurol Clin. 2020 Aug;38(3):679-96. 摘要

Leung AK, Wong BE, Chan PY, et al. Nocturnal leg cramps in children: incidence and clinical characteristics. J Natl Med Assoc. 1999;91:329-32.全文  摘要

Maughan RJ, Shirreffs SM. Muscle cramping during exercise: causes, solutions, and questions remaining. Sports Med. 2019 Dec;49(suppl 2):115-24. 摘要

Zhou K, West HM, Zhang J, et al. Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(8):CD010655.全文  摘要

Maquirriain J, Merello M. The athlete with muscular cramps: clinical approach. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2007;15:425-431. 摘要

Garrison SR, Korownyk CS, Kolber MR, et al. Magnesium for skeletal muscle cramps. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Sep 21;(9):CD009402.全文  摘要

El-Tawil S, Al Musa T, Valli H, et al. Quinine for muscle cramps. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(4):CD005044.全文  摘要

参考文献

1. Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, et al. Neurology in clinical practice. 5th ed. Volumes 1 and 2. Philadelphia, PA: Butterworth-Heinemann-Elsevier; 2008.

2. Katzberg HD. Case studies in management of muscle cramps. Neurol Clin. 2020 Aug;38(3):679-96. 摘要

3. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of sleep disorders - third edition, text revision (ICSD-3-TR). Jun ​2023 [internet publication].

4. McGee SR. Muscle cramps. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:511-518. 摘要

5. Parisi L, Pierelli F, Amabile G, et al. Muscular cramps: proposals for a new classification. Acta Neurol Scand. 2003;107:176-186. 摘要

6. Layzer RB, Rowland LP. Cramps. N Engl J Med. 1971;285:31-40. 摘要

7. Rowland LP. Cramps, spasms and muscle stiffness. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1985;141:261-273. 摘要

8. Oboler SK, Prochazka AV, Meyer TJ. Leg symptoms in outpatient veterans. West J Med. 1991;155:256-259.全文  摘要

9. Naylor JR, Young JB. A general population survey of rest cramps. Age Ageing. 1994;23:418-420. 摘要

10. Abdulla AJ, Jones PW, Pearce VR. Leg cramps in the elderly: prevalence, drug and disease associations. Int J Clin Pract. 1999;53:494-496. 摘要

11. Grandner MA, Winkelman JW. Nocturnal leg cramps: Prevalence and associations with demographics, sleep disturbance symptoms, medical conditions, and cardiometabolic risk factors. PLoS One. 2017;12(6):e0178465.全文  摘要

12. Maisonneuve H, Chambe J, Delacour C, et al. Prevalence of cramps in patients over the age of 60 in primary care : a cross sectional study. BMC Fam Pract. 2016 Aug 12;17(1):111.全文  摘要

13. Hallegraeff J, de Greef M, Krijnen W, et al. Criteria in diagnosing nocturnal leg cramps: a systematic review. BMC Fam Pract. 2017 Feb 28;18(1):29.全文  摘要

14. Jansen PH, Joosten EM, van Dijck J, et al. The incidence of muscle cramp. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991;54:1124-1125.全文  摘要

15. Leung AK, Wong BE, Chan PY, et al. Nocturnal leg cramps in children: incidence and clinical characteristics. J Natl Med Assoc. 1999;91:329-32.全文  摘要

16. Miller TM, Layzer RB. Muscle cramps. Muscle Nerve. 2005;32:431-42. 摘要

17. Hertz G, Fast A, Feinsilver SH, et al. Sleep in normal late pregnancy. Sleep. 1992;15:246-251. 摘要

18. Neal CR, Resnikoff E, Unger AM. Treatment of dialysis-related muscle cramps with hypertonic dextrose. Arch Intern Med. 1981;141:171-173. 摘要

19. Donauer J, Kolblin D, Bek M, et al. Ultrafiltration profiling and measurement of relative blood volume as strategies to reduce hemodialysis-related side effects. Am J Kid Dis. 2000;36:115-123. 摘要

20. Noordzij M, Boeschoten EW, Bos WJ, et al. Disturbed mineral metabolism is associated with muscle and skin complaints in a prospective cohort of dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22:2944-2949.全文  摘要

21. Brass EP, Adler S, Sietsema KE, et al. Peripheral arterial disease is not associated with an increased prevalence of intradialytic cramps in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Am J Nephrol. 2002;22:491-496. 摘要

22. Ahmad S, Robertson HT, Golper TA, et al. Multicenter trial of L-carnitine in maintenance hemodialysis patients. II. Clinical and biochemical effects. Kidney Int. 1990;38:912-918.全文  摘要

23. Marotta PJ, Graziadei IW, Ghent CN. Muscle cramps: a 'complication' of cirrhosis. Can J Gastroenterol. 2000;14(suppl D):21D-25D. 摘要

24. Konikoff F, Theodor E. Painful muscle cramps. A symptom of liver cirrhosis? J Clin Gastroenterol. 1986;8:669-672. 摘要

25. Kobayashi Y, Kawasaki T, Yoshimi T, et al. Muscle cramps in chronic liver diseases and treatment with antispastic agent (eperisone hydrochloride). Dig Dis Sci. 1992;37:1145-1146. 摘要

26. Angeli P, Albino G, Carraro P, et al. Cirrhosis and muscle cramps: evidence of a causal relationship. Hepatology. 1996;23:264-273.全文  摘要

27. Abrams GA, Concato J, Fallon MB. Muscle cramps in patients with cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91:1363-1366. 摘要

28. Schwellnus MP, Drew N, Collins M. Muscle cramping in athletes - risk factors, clinical assessment, and management. Clin Sports Med. 2008;27:183-194. 摘要

29. Fallon KE. Musculoskeletal injuries in the ultramarathon: the 1990 Westfield Sydney to Melbourne run. Br J Sports Med. 1996;30:319-323.全文  摘要

30. Maughan RJ, Shirreffs SM. Muscle cramping during exercise: causes, solutions, and questions remaining. Sports Med. 2019 Dec;49(suppl 2):115-24. 摘要

31. Tamura N, Kuwabara S, Misawa S, et al. Increased nodal persistent Na+ currents in human neuropathy and motor neuron disease estimated by latent addition. Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;117:2451-2458. 摘要

32. Layzer RB. The origin of muscle fasciculations and cramps. Muscle Nerve. 1994;17:1243-1249. 摘要

33. Roeleveld K, van Engelen BG, Stegeman DF. Possible mechanisms of muscle cramp from temporal and spatial surface EMG characteristics. J Appl Physiol. 2000;88:1698-1706.全文  摘要

34. Serrao M, Arendt-Nielsen L, Ge HY, et al. Experimental muscle pain decreases the frequency threshold of electrically elicited muscle cramps. Exp Brain Res. 2007;182:301-308. 摘要

35. Zhou K, West HM, Zhang J, et al. Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(8):CD010655.全文  摘要

36. Hantoushzadeh S, Jafarabadi M, Khazardoust S. Serum magnesium levels, muscle cramps, and preterm labor. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2007;98:153-154. 摘要

37. Abrams J, Aponte GE. The leg cramp syndrome during pregnancy; the relationship to calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1958;76:432-437. 摘要

38. Hammar M, Berg G, Solheim F, et al. Calcium and magnesium status in pregnant women. A comparison between treatment with calcium and vitamin C in pregnant women with leg cramps. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1987;57:179-183. 摘要

39. Schwellnus MP, Nicol J, Laubscher R, et al. Serum electrolyte concentrations and hydration status are not associated with exercise associated muscle cramping (EAMC) in distance runners. Br J Sports Med. 2004;38:488-492.全文  摘要

40. Schwellnus MP. Muscle cramping in the marathon: aetiology and risk factors. Sports Med. 2007;37:364-367. 摘要

41. Schwellnus MP, Drew N, Collins M. Increased running speed and previous cramps rather than dehydration or serum sodium changes predict exercise-associated muscle cramping: a prospective cohort study in 210 Ironman triathletes. Br J Sports Med. 2011 Jun;45(8):650-6. 摘要

42. Maquirriain J, Merello M. The athlete with muscular cramps: clinical approach. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2007;15:425-431. 摘要

43. Hung CY, Chen YL, Chen CS, et al. Association of leptin with hemodialysis-related muscle cramps: a cross-sectional study. Blood Purif. 2009;27:159-164. 摘要

44. Baskol M, Ozbakir O, Coskun R, et al. The role of serum zinc and other factors on the prevalence of muscle cramps in non-alcoholic cirrhotic patients. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;38:524-529. 摘要

45. Marchesini G, Bianchi G, Amodio P, et al. Factors associated with poor health-related quality of life of patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:170-178. 摘要

46. Kim SH, Oh EG, Lee WH. Symptom experience, psychological distress, and quality of life in Korean patients with liver cirrhosis: a cross-sectional survey. Int J Nurs Stud. 2006;43:1047-1056. 摘要

47. Guilhot F, Druker B, Larson RA, et al. High rates of durable response are achieved with imatinib after treatment with interferon alpha plus cytarabine: results from the International Randomized Study of Interferon and STI571 (IRIS) trial. Haematologica. 2009 Dec;94:1669-75.全文  摘要

48. Deininger MW, O'Brien SG, Ford JM, et al. Practical management of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia receiving imatinib. J Clin Oncol. Apr 15;21(8):1637-47. 摘要

49. Janssen L, Frambach SJCM, Allard NAE, et al. Skeletal muscle toxicity associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 2019 Aug;33(8):2116-20.全文

50. Zimlichman R, Krauss S, Paran E. Muscle cramps induced by beta-blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity properties: a hint of a possible mechanism. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151:1021. 摘要

51. Imai Y, Watanabe N, Hashimoto J, et al. Muscle cramps and elevated serum creatine phosphokinase levels induced by beta-adrenoceptor blockers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1995;48:29-34. 摘要

52. Young JB, Javid M, George J. Rest cramps in the elderly. J R Coll Physicians Lond. 1989;23:103-106. 摘要

53. Delacour C, Chambe J, Lefebvre F, et al. Association between physical activity and Nocturnal Leg Cramps in patients over 60 years old: a case-control study. Sci Rep. 2020 Feb 14;10(1):2638.全文  摘要

54. Gillett RC Jr, Norrell A. Considerations for safe use of statins: liver enzyme abnormalities and muscle toxicity. Am Fam Physician. 2011;83:711-716. 摘要

55. Physicians' desk reference. 65th ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics; 2011.

56. Hedenmalm K, Alvan G, Ohagen P, et al. Muscle toxicity with statins. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2010;19:223-231. 摘要

57. Mosenkis A, Townsend RR. Muscle cramps and diuretic therapy. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2005;7:134-135. 摘要

58. Fitzgerald MX, Brennan NJ. Muscle cramps, collapse, and seizures in two patients taking metolazone. Br Med J. 1976;1:1381-1382.全文  摘要

59. Macdonald JB. Muscle cramps during treatment with nifedipine. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982;285:1744.全文  摘要

60. Keidar S, Binenboim C, Palant A. Muscle cramps during treatment with nifedipine. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982;285:1241-1242.全文  摘要

61. Riley JD, Antony SJ. Leg cramps: differential diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 1995;52:1794-1798. 摘要

62. Palmer KN. Muscle cramp and oral salbutamol. Br Med J. 1978;2:833.全文  摘要

63. Lear J, Daniels RG. Muscle cramps related to corticosteroids. BMJ. 1993;306:1169.全文  摘要

64. Meyer AH, Kirkman MS. Shock and prolonged muscle cramps after intravenous insulin therapy. N C Med J. 1992;53:484-486. 摘要

65. Kakaria PJ, Nashel DJ, Nylen ES. Debilitating muscle cramps after teriparatide therapy. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:310. 摘要

66. Kanaan N, Sawaya R. Nocturnal leg cramps. Clinically mysterious and painful - but manageable. Geriatrics. 2001;56:34,39-42. 摘要

67. O'Malley B. Carbimazole-induced cramps. Lancet. 1989;1:1456-1457. 摘要

68. Siegal T, Haim N. Cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. Frequent off-therapy deterioration, demyelinating syndromes, and muscle cramps. Cancer. 1990;66:1117-1123.全文  摘要

69. Una E. Atypical presentation of acute neurotoxicity secondary to oxaliplatin. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2010;16:280-282. 摘要

70. Gupta S, Gupta V, Kapoor B, et al. Pyrazinamide induced hyperuricaemia presenting as severe bilateral leg cramps. J Indian Med Assoc. 2007;105:341-342. 摘要

71. Alonso-Navarro H, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ. Myalgia and cramps associated with zolmitriptan. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2005;28:241-242. 摘要

72. Delacour C, Chambe J, Lefebvre F, et al. Association between alcohol consumption and nocturnal leg cramps in patients over 60 years old: a case-control study. Ann Fam Med. 2018 Jul;16(4):296-301.全文  摘要

73. Piccoli GB, Vigotti FN, Consiglio V, et al. Quiz page: severe hypocalcemia caused by intravascular calcium phosphate precipitation after sodium phosphate-containing bowel preparation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;55:A35-A37. 摘要

74. Roberts HJ. Spontaneous leg cramps and "restless legs" due to diabetogenic hyperinsulinism: observations on 131 patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1965;13:602-638. 摘要

75. Roberts HJ. Spontaneous leg cramps and "restless legs" due to diabetogenic (functional) hyperinsulinism. A basis for rational therapy. JFMA. 1973;60:29-31. 摘要

76. Haskell SG, Fiebach NH. Clinical epidemiology of nocturnal leg cramps in male veterans. Am J Med Sci. 1997;313:210-214. 摘要

77. Elphick DA, Baker M, Baxter JP, et al. Muscle cramps are the commonest side effects of home parenteral nutrition. Clin Nutr. 2009;28:351-354. 摘要

78. Garzoni D, Keusch G, Kleinoeder T, et al. Reduced complications during hemodialysis by automatic blood volume controlled ultrafiltration. Int J Artif Organs. 2007;30:16-24. 摘要

79. Mujais SK. Muscle cramps during hemodialysis. Int J Artif Organs. 1994;17:570-572. 摘要

80. Murray B, Mitsumoto H. Disorders of upper and lower motor neurons. In: Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, et al, eds. Neurology in clinical practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Butterworth Heinemann Elsevier; 2008:2183-2220.

81. Leung AK, Wong BE, Cho HY, et al. Leg cramps in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1997;36:69-73. 摘要

82. Bye AM, Kan AE. Cramps following exercise. Aust Paediatr J. 1988;24:258-259. 摘要

83. Gilchrist JM. Time course of serum CK immediately before and after a single muscle cramp. Muscle Nerve. 2003;27:766. 摘要

84. Krivosic-Horber R, Depret T, Wagner JM, et al. Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility revealed by increased serum creatine kinase concentrations during statin treatment. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2004;21:572-574. 摘要

85. Hernando P, Caramelo C, Lopez Garcia D, et al. Muscle cramps: a cause of elevated creatine kinase levels in hemodialysis patients. Nephron. 1990;55:231-232. 摘要

86. Fernandez C, de Paula AM, Figarella-Branger D, et al. Diagnostic evaluation of clinically normal subjects with chronic hyperCKemia. Neurology. 2006;66:1585-1587. 摘要

87. Amato AA, Brooke MH. Disorders of skeletal muscle. In: Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, et al, eds. Neurology in clinical practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Butterworth Heinemann Elsevier; 2008:2403-2407.

88. Jankovic J, Shannon KM. Movement disorders. In: Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, et al, eds. Neurology in clinical practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Butterworth Heinemann Elsevier; 2008:2081-2122.

89. Satija P, Ondo WG. Restless legs syndrome: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. CNS Drugs. 2008;22:497-518. 摘要

90. Lowe RM, Hashkes PJ. Growing pain: a noninflammatory pain syndrome of early childhood. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2008;4:542-549. 摘要

91. Kerchner GA, Lenz RA, Ptacek LJ. Channelopathies: episodic and electrical disorders of the nervous system. In: Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, et al, eds. Neurology in clinical practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Butterworth Heinemann Elsevier; 2008:1799-1820.

92. Ashalatha R, Kishore A, Sarada C, et al. Satoyoshi syndrome. Neurol India. 2004;52:94-95.全文  摘要

93. Eymard B, Laforet P. Metabolic myopathies into adulthood. Features and clues for diagnosis. Rev Med Interne. 2001;22(suppl 3):328S-337S. 摘要

94. De Ruiter CJ, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG, et al. Muscle function in a patient with Brody's disease. Muscle Nerve. 1999;22:704-711. 摘要

95. Brody IA. Muscle contracture induced by exercise. A syndrome attributable to decreased relaxing factor. N Engl J Med. 1969;281:187-192. 摘要

96. Bissonnette B, Luginbuehl I, Marciniak B, et al. Syndromes. Rapid recognition and perioperative implications. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2006:732.

97. Hall AJ. Cramp and salt balance in ordinary life. Lancet. 1947;2:231-233.

98. Katzberg HD, Khan AH, So YT. Assessment: symptomatic treatment for muscle cramps (an evidence-based review): report of the therapeutics and technology assessment subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2010;74:691-696.全文  摘要

99. Man-Son-Hing M, Wells G. Meta-analysis of efficacy of quinine for treatment of nocturnal leg cramps in elderly people. BMJ. 1995;310:13-17.全文  摘要

100. Man-Son-Hing M, Wells G, Lau A. Quinine for nocturnal leg cramps: a meta-analysis including unpublished data. J Gen Intern Med. 1998;13:600-606.全文  摘要

101. Guay DR. Are there alternatives to the use of quinine to treat nocturnal leg cramps? Consult Pharm. 2008;23:141-156. 摘要

102. Anonymous. Quinine sulfate. In: AHFS drug information 2008. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2008:875-881.

103. Baltodano N, Gallo BV, Weidler DJ. Verapamil vs quinine in recumbent nocturnal leg cramps in the elderly. Arch Intern Med. 1988;148:1969-1970. 摘要

104. Stern FH. Value of carisoprodol (Soma) in relieving leg cramps. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1963;11:1008-1013. 摘要

105. Chesrow EJ, Kaplitz SE, Breme JT, et al. Use of carisoprodol (Soma) for treatment of leg cramps associated with vascular, neurologic, or arthritic disease. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1963;11:1014-1016. 摘要

106. Serrao M, Rossi P, Cardinali P, et al. Gabapentin treatment for muscle cramps: an open-label trial. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2000;23:45-49. 摘要

107. Garrison SR, Korownyk CS, Kolber MR, et al. Magnesium for skeletal muscle cramps. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Sep 21;(9):CD009402.全文  摘要

108. El-Tawil S, Al Musa T, Valli H, et al. Quinine for muscle cramps. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(4):CD005044.全文  摘要

109. Shuman CR. Nocturnal cramps in diabetes mellitus; clinical and physiological correlations. Am J Med Sci. 1953;225:54-60. 摘要

110. Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al; The ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jun 12;358(24):2560-72.全文  摘要

111. Hypoglycemia in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Diabetes. 1997;46:271-286. 摘要

112. Nygaard IH, Valbo A, Pethick SV, et al. Does oral magnesium substitution relieve pregnancy-induced leg cramps? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008;141:23-26. 摘要

113. Avsar AF, Ozmen S, Soylemez F. Vitamin B1 and B6 substitution in pregnancy for leg cramps. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;175:233-234. 摘要

114. Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2008.

115. Khajehdehi P, Mojerlou M, Behzadi S, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of supplementary vitamins E, C and their combination for treatment of haemodialysis cramps. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16:1448-1451.全文  摘要

116. El-Hennawy AS, Zaib S. A selected controlled trial of supplementary vitamin E for treatment of muscle cramps in hemodialysis patients. Am J Ther. 2010;17:455-459. 摘要

117. Roca AO, Jarjoura D, Blend D, et al. Dialysis leg cramps. Efficacy of quinine versus vitamin E. ASAIO J. 1992;38:M481-M485. 摘要

118. Hespel P, Derave W. Ergogenic effects of creatine in sports and rehabilitation. Subcell Biochem. 2007;46:245-259. 摘要

119. Chang CT, Wu CH, Yang CW, et al. Creatine monohydrate treatment alleviates muscle cramps associated with haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17:1978-1981.全文  摘要

120. Kaji DM, Ackad A, Nottage WG, et al. Prevention of muscle cramps in haemodialysis patients by quinine sulphate. Lancet. 1976;2:66-67. 摘要

121. Sidhom OA, Odeh YK, Krumlovsky FA, et al. Low-dose prazosin in patients with muscle cramps during hemodialysis. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1994;56:445-451. 摘要

122. Kugelmas M. Preliminary observation: oral zinc sulfate replacement is effective in treating muscle cramps in cirrhotic patients. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000;19:13-15. 摘要

123. Konikoff F, Ben-Amitay G, Halpern Z, et al. Vitamin E and cirrhotic muscle cramps. Isr J Med Sci. 1991;27:221-223. 摘要

124. Lee FY, Lee SD, Tsai YT, et al. A randomized controlled trial of quinidine in the treatment of cirrhotic patients with muscle cramps. J Hepatol. 1991;12:236-240. 摘要

125. Motoo Y, Taga H, Yamaguchi Y, et al. Effect of niuche-shen-qi-wan on painful muscle cramps in patients with liver cirrhosis: a preliminary report. Am J Chin Med. 1997;25:97-102. 摘要

126. Mueller ME, Gruenthal M, Olson WL, et al. Gabapentin for relief of upper motor neuron symptoms in multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78:521-524. 摘要

127. Bedlack RS, Pastula DM, Hawes J, et al. Open-label pilot trial of levetiracetam for cramps and spasticity in patients with motor neuron disease. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2009;10:210-215. 摘要

128. Kanai K, Kuwabara S, Arai K, et al. Muscle cramp in Machado-Joseph disease: altered motor axonal excitability properties and mexiletine treatment. Brain. 2003;126:965-973.全文  摘要

129. Katzberg HD. Neurogenic muscle cramps. J Neurol. 2015 Aug;262(8):1814-21. 摘要

130. Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al. Practice parameter update: the care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: multidisciplinary care, symptom management, and cognitive/behavioral impairment (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2009 Oct 13;73(15):1227-33.全文  摘要

131. Baldinger R, Katzberg HD, Weber, M. Treatment for cramps in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(4):CD004157.全文  摘要

132. Forshew DA, Bromberg MB. A survey of clinicians' practice in the symptomatic treatment of ALS. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2003;4:258-263. 摘要

133. Bertolasi L, Priori A, Tomelleri G, et al. Botulinum toxin treatment of muscle cramps: a clinical and neurophysiological study. Ann Neurol. 1997;41:181-186. 摘要

134. Minaker KL, Flier JS, Landsberg L, et al. Phenytoin-induced improvement in muscle cramping and insulin action in three patients with the syndrome of insulin resistance, acanthosis nigricans, and acral hypertrophy. Arch Neurol. 1989;46:981-985. 摘要

135. Zisfein J, Sivak M, Aron AM, et al. Isaacs' syndrome with muscle hypertrophy reversed by phenytoin therapy. Arch Neurol. 1983;40:241-242. 摘要

136. Chang YJ, Wu CL, Chen RS, et al. Case of Isaacs syndrome successfully treated with phenytoin. J Formos Med Assoc. 1993;92:1010-1012. 摘要

137. Phoenix J, Hopkins P, Bartram C, et al. Effect of vitamin B6 supplementation in McArdle's disease: a strategic case study. Neuromuscul Disord. 1998;8:210-212. 摘要

138. Serrao M, Cardinali P, Rossi P, et al. A case of myokymia-cramp syndrome successfully treated with gabapentin. Acta Neurol Scand. 1998;98:458-460. 摘要

139. Medeiros BC, Lipton JH. Chlordiazepoxide for imatinib-induced muscular cramps. Eur J Haematol. 2006;77:538. 摘要

140. Shewman DA, Craig JM. Creatine supplementation prevents statin-induced muscle toxicity. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153:690-692. 摘要

141. Pasternak RC, Smith SC Jr, Bairey-Merz CN, et al. ACC/AHA/NHLBI clinical advisory on the use and safety of statins. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:567-572.全文  摘要

142. Woloson SK, Littooy FN. Superficial femoral artery branch avulsion after severe muscle cramping. J Vasc Surg. 1999;30:954-956. 摘要

143. Saskin P, Welton C, Moldofsky H, et al. Sleep and nocturnal leg cramps. Sleep. 1988;11:307-308. 摘要

内容使用需遵循免责声明