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Prabhakar VK, Shalet SM. Aetiology, diagnosis and management of hypopituitarism in adult life. Postgrad Med J. 2006 Apr;82(966):259-66. 摘要

Freda PU, Beckers AM, Katznelson L, et al. Pituitary incidentaloma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Apr;96(4):894-904.全文  摘要

Tritos NA, Yuen KC, Kelly DF; AACE Neuroendocrine and Pituitary Scientific Committee. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology disease state clinical review: a neuroendocrine approach to patients with traumatic brain injury. Endocr Pract. 2015 Jul;21(7):823-31. 摘要

Fleseriu M, Hashim IA, Karavitaki N, et al. Hormonal replacement in hypopituitarism in adults: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Oct 13;101(11):3888-921.全文  摘要

Bhasin S, Brito JP, Cunningham GR, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 May 1;103(5):1715-44.全文  摘要

Van Aken MO, Lamberts SWJ. Diagnosis and treatment of hypopituitarism: an update. Pituitary. 2005;8(3-4):183-91. 摘要

Cook DM, Yuen KC, Biller BM, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for growth hormone use in growth hormone-deficient adults and transition patients: 2009 update. Endocr Pract. 2009 Sep-Oct;15 Suppl 2:1-29. 摘要

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27. Wu W, Cogan JD, Pfaffle RW, et al. Mutations in PROP1 cause familial combined pituitary hormone deficiency. Nat Genet. 1998 Feb;18(2):147-9. 摘要

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29. Leal-Cerro A, Rincón MD, Domingo MP, et al. Neuroendocrine dysfunction and brain damage: a consensus statement [in Spanish]. Endocrinol Nutr. 2009 Jun-Jul;56(6):293-302. 摘要

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32. Fleseriu M, Hashim IA, Karavitaki N, et al. Hormonal replacement in hypopituitarism in adults: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Oct 13;101(11):3888-921.全文  摘要

33. Thomer MO, Vance ML, Laws ER Jr, et al. The anterior pituitary. In: Wilson JD, Foster DW, Kronenberg HM, Larsen PR, eds. Williams textbook of endocrinology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1998:249-340.

34. Littley MD, Shalet SM, Beardwell CG, et al. Hypopituitarism following external radiotherapy for pituitary tumors in adults. Q J Med. 1989 Feb;70(262):145-60. 摘要

35. Randeva HS, Schoebel J, Byrne J, et al. Classical pituitary apoplexy: clinical features, management and outcome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999 Aug;51(2):181-8. 摘要

36. Arafah BM, Kailani SH, Nekl KE, et al. Immediate recovery of pituitary function after transsphenoidal resection of pituitary macroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Aug;79(2):348-54. 摘要

37. Webb SM, Rigla M, Wagner A, et al. Recovery of hypopituitarism after neurosurgical treatment of pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Oct;84(10):3696-700. 摘要

38. Littley MD, Shalet SM, Beardwell CG, et al. Radiation-induced hypopituitarism is dose-dependent. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1989 Sep;31(3):363-73. 摘要

39. Sklar CA, Antal Z, Chemaitilly W, et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary and growth disorders in survivors of childhood cancer: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Aug 1;103(8):2761-84.全文  摘要

40. Aimaretti G, Ambrosio MR, Di Somma C, et al. Residual pituitary function after brain injury-induced hypopituitarism: a prospective 12-month study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Nov;90(11):6085-92.全文  摘要

41. Sert M, Tetiker T, Kirim S. Clinical report of 28 patients with Sheehan's syndrome. Endocr J. 2003 Jun;50(3):297-301. 摘要

42. Weiss RE. Empty sella following spontaneous resolution of a pituitary macroadenoma. Horm Res. 2003;60(1):49-52. 摘要

43. Bjerre P. The empty sella: a reappraisal of etiology and pathogenesis. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 1990;130:1-25. 摘要

44. de Boer H, Blok GJ, Van der Veen EA. Clinical aspects of growth hormone deficiency in adults. Endocr Rev. 1995 Feb;16(1):63-86. 摘要

45. Bhasin S, Brito JP, Cunningham GR, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 May 1;103(5):1715-44.全文  摘要

46. Cameron DR, Braunstein GD. Androgen replacement therapy in women. Fertil Steril. 2004 Aug;82(2):273-89. 摘要

47. Oelkers W. Hyponatremin and inappropriate secretion of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) in patients with hypopituitarism. N Engl J Med. 1989 Aug 24;321(8):492-6. 摘要

48. Jones SL, Trainer PJ, Perry L, et al. An audit of the insulin tolerance testing adult subjects in an acute investigation unit over one year. Clin Endocrinol. 1994 Jul;41(1):123-8. 摘要

49. Van Aken MO, Lamberts SWJ. Diagnosis and treatment of hypopituitarism: an update. Pituitary. 2005;8(3-4):183-91. 摘要

50. Pavord SR, Girach A, Price DE, et al. A retrospective audit of the combined pituitary function test using the insulin stress test, TRH and GnRH in a district laboratory. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1992 Feb;36(2):135-9. 摘要

51. Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Feb;96(2):273-88.全文  摘要

52. Molitch ME. Pituitary tumours: pituitary incidentalomas. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Oct;23(5):667-75. 摘要

53. Scranton RA, Baskin DS. Impaired pituitary axes following traumatic brain injury. J Clin Med. 2015 Jul 13;4(7):1463-79.全文  摘要

54. Peacey SR, Guo CY, Robinson AM, et al. Glucocorticoid replacement therapy: are patients over treated and does it matter? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997 Mar;46(3):255-61. 摘要

55. Howlett TA. An assessment of optimal hydrocortisone replacement therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997 Mar;46(3):263-8. 摘要

56. Martin MM. Coexisting anterior pituitary and neurohypophyseal insufficiency. A syndrome with diagnostic implication. Arch Intern Med. 1969 Apr;123(4):409-16. 摘要

57. Min L, Hodi FS, Giobbie-Hurder A, et al. Systemic high-dose corticosteroid treatment does not improve the outcome of ipilimumab-related hypophysitis: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Cancer Res. 2015 Feb 15;21(4):749-55.全文  摘要

58. Albarel F, Gaudy C, Castinetti F, et al. Long-term follow-up of ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis, a common adverse event of the anti-CTLA-4 antibody in melanoma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015 Feb;172(2):195-204.全文  摘要

59. Roberts CG, Ladenson PW. Hypothyroidism. Lancet. 2004 Mar 6;363(9411):793-803. 摘要

60. Torgerson DJ, Bell-Seyer SE. Hormone replacement therapy and prevention of nonvertebral fractures: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2001 Jun 13;285(22):2891-7. 摘要

61. Armitage M, Nooney J, Evans S. Recent concerns surrounding HRT. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003 Aug;59(2):145-55. 摘要

62. Miller KK, Sesmilo G, Schiller A, et al. Androgen deficiency in women with hypopituitarism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Feb;86(2):561-7. 摘要

63. Jones TH, Arver S, Behre HM, et al. Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes and/or metabolic syndrome (the TIMES2 study). Diabetes Care. 2011 Apr;34(4):828-37.全文  摘要

64. Cunningham GR, Toma SM. Clinical review: why is androgen replacement in males controversial? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jan;96(1):38-52. 摘要

65. Basaria S, Coviello AD, Travison TG, et al. Adverse events associated with testosterone administration. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jul 8;363(2):109-22.全文  摘要

66. Hazem A, Elamin MB, Bancos I, et al. Body composition and quality of life in adults treated with GH therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012 Jan;166(1):13-20.全文  摘要

67. Jørgensen AP, Fougner KJ, Ueland T, et al. Favorable long-term effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on quality of life, bone metabolism, body composition and lipid levels in patients with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2011 Apr;21(2):69-75. 摘要

68. Carroll PV, Christ ER, Bengtsson BA, et al. Growth hormone deficiency in adulthood and the effects of growth hormone replacement: a review. Growth Hormone Research Society Scientific Committee. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Feb;83(2):382-95.全文  摘要

69. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Human growth hormone (somatropin) for the treatment of growth failure in children. May 2010 [internet publication].全文

70. Cook DM, Yuen KC, Biller BM, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for growth hormone use in growth hormone-deficient adults and transition patients: 2009 update. Endocr Pract. 2009 Sep-Oct;15 Suppl 2:1-29. 摘要

71. Bates AS, Van't Hoff W, Jones PJ, et al. The effect of hypopituitarism on life expectancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Mar;81(3):1169-72. 摘要

72. Tomlinson JW, Holden N, Hills RK, et al. Association between premature mortality and hypopituitarism. West Midlands Prospective Hypopituitary Study Group. Lancet. 2001 Feb 10;357(9254):425-31. 摘要